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igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010

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igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_0	ANA & ANTONIO CASANOVAS \| BERNARD DE GRUNNE # IGBO MONUMENTAL SCULPTURES FROM NIGERIA ![img-0.jpeg](img_ref_1) الخارجية. وقدْ وجدنا أن هذه الأعداد التي لا يمكن أن تكون غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة. وقدْ وجدنا أن هذه الأعداد التي لا يمكن أن تكون غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة، ب...	ANA & ANTONIO CASANOVAS \| BERNARD DE GRUNNE IGBO MONUMENTAL SCULPTURES FROM NIGERIA الخارجية. وقدْ وجدنا أن هذه الأعداد التي لا يمكن أن تكون غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة. وقدْ وجدنا أن هذه الأعداد التي لا يمكن أن تكون غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة، بل هي غير مألوفة، بل هي غير م...			[ "img_ref_1", "img_ref_2", "img_ref_3", "img_ref_4" ]	4	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	0	863
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_2	We are proud to present this landmark exhibition with the finest and largest selection ever done of Igbo figures from the most important European collections, which group we have kept intact for this event. We are glad to organize it together with Bernard de Grunne and to count with his vast knowledge on the subject du...	We are proud to present this landmark exhibition with the finest and largest selection ever done of Igbo figures from the most important European collections, which group we have kept intact for this event. We are glad to organize it together with Bernard de Grunne and to count with his vast knowledge on the subject du...	Introduction	The last discovery	[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	912	1,005
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_3	In a conversation with Anne Kerchache, she explained to us the specific passion Jacques had for Igbo figures which took him to make an outstanding collection, part of which they later donated to the Quai Branly Museum and is permanently exhibited by the express will of the President Jacques Chirac in the "Salon de Lect...	In a conversation with Anne Kerchache, she explained to us the specific passion Jacques had for Igbo figures which took him to make an outstanding collection, part of which they later donated to the Quai Branly Museum and is permanently exhibited by the express will of the President Jacques Chirac in the "Salon de Lect...	Introduction	The last discovery	[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	1,917	855
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_4	This exhibition allows us to appreciate the creativity and the imposing presence found in these unusually large sculptures, half human, half divine. Most of them are hieratic and powerful, with sophisticated details such as scarifications, headdresses or ornaments, many are painted with subtle naturally dyed colours an...	This exhibition allows us to appreciate the creativity and the imposing presence found in these unusually large sculptures, half human, half divine. Most of them are hieratic and powerful, with sophisticated details such as scarifications, headdresses or ornaments, many are painted with subtle naturally dyed colours an...	Introduction	The last discovery	[ "img_ref_5", "img_ref_6" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	2,772	859
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_5	![img-6.jpeg](img_ref_7) Festival of images of the annual outing of tutelary deities in Oteri, outside of tall wall surrounding the compound of the major god Eke, Village of Oteri. Photo: Herbert Cole, 1966 ![img-7.jpeg](img_ref_8) Urhobo, Nigeria. Shrine of Owedjebor, founder of the town of Oghererhe and various fami...	Festival of images of the annual outing of tutelary deities in Oteri, outside of tall wall surrounding the compound of the major god Eke, Village of Oteri. Photo: Herbert Cole, 1966 Urhobo, Nigeria. Shrine of Owedjebor, founder of the town of Oghererhe and various family members. Photo: Perkins Foss, 1969 Commemorati...	Introduction	The last discovery	[ "img_ref_7", "img_ref_8", "img_ref_9", "img_ref_10" ]	4	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	3,631	634
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_6	# On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture Bernard de Grunne African art, like most art, was meant to be seen in the company of other works. In Europe, even the greatest paintings or sculptures were intended to be seen as part of a palace or church, surrounded by related works, and often in a sumptuous archit...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture Bernard de Grunne African art, like most art, was meant to be seen in the company of other works. In Europe, even the greatest paintings or sculptures were intended to be seen as part of a palace or church, surrounded by related works, and often in a sumptuous architec...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	4,265	440
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_7	Series of works of arts reveal something about the way artists work. Usually, sculptures in sets were made to join existing ones, providing the opportunity to see the influence of earlier styles upon those of succeeding generations. Occasionally, an entire artistic program was executed over a short period of time, when...	Series of works of arts reveal something about the way artists work. Usually, sculptures in sets were made to join existing ones, providing the opportunity to see the influence of earlier styles upon those of succeeding generations. Occasionally, an entire artistic program was executed over a short period of time, when...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	4,705	990
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_8	Another field photo by Cole of an assembly of fourteen deities in the village of Oteri demonstrates the presence of sculptures by at least four different artists (Illus. 3, p. 8).	Another field photo by Cole of an assembly of fourteen deities in the village of Oteri demonstrates the presence of sculptures by at least four different artists (Illus. 3, p. 8).	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	5,695	181
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_9	Igbo statuary, like that of the Urhobo, Proto-Bamana, Grassland Kingdoms and all the way east to the Hemba and Boyo groups has always been displayed in sets ranging from five to thirty sculptures. This exhibition presents the single largest concentration of Igbo monumental sculpture ever assembled and selected for thei...	Igbo statuary, like that of the Urhobo, Proto-Bamana, Grassland Kingdoms and all the way east to the Hemba and Boyo groups has always been displayed in sets ranging from five to thirty sculptures. This exhibition presents the single largest concentration of Igbo monumental sculpture ever assembled and selected for thei...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	5,876	1,019
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_10	As Cole explains in detail, all these figures are only junior partners in the art of their cult ensembles, which is a living process whereby the priest of each deity washes, purifies, make sacrifices to, and dresses these sculptures in titled regalia, and transforms them over time by constant care, painting and polishi...	As Cole explains in detail, all these figures are only junior partners in the art of their cult ensembles, which is a living process whereby the priest of each deity washes, purifies, make sacrifices to, and dresses these sculptures in titled regalia, and transforms them over time by constant care, painting and polishi...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	6,895	893
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_11	The canons of Igbo statuary are fairly stereotyped in what Cole describes as "an iconic convention from which there is little deviation."⁴ Firstly there seems to be a strong majority of male statues: we have here eighteen male figures for ten female ones in our group. All statues are represented standing in a frontal p...	The canons of Igbo statuary are fairly stereotyped in what Cole describes as "an iconic convention from which there is little deviation."⁴ Firstly there seems to be a strong majority of male statues: we have here eighteen male figures for ten female ones in our group. All statues are represented standing in a frontal p...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	7,788	926
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_12	(3) Herbert M. Cole, « Art as Verb in Iboland, » in African Arts, 1969, vol. III, n° 1, pp. 39-41 (4) Idem, p. 90 with carved-in ivory bracelets and anklets as well as brass leg coils that were documented on young Igbo brides by George Basden in his pioneering study published in 1921.⁵ One notices a formal contrast ...	(3) Herbert M. Cole, « Art as Verb in Iboland, » in African Arts, 1969, vol. III, n° 1, pp. 39-41 (4) Idem, p. 90 with carved-in ivory bracelets and anklets as well as brass leg coils that were documented on young Igbo brides by George Basden in his pioneering study published in 1921.⁵ One notices a formal contrast ...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	8,714	639
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_13	The virtually omnipresent gesture of open palms, forearms thrust-forward, and the rich deep incrusted patina are two important iconographic features of this genre. Again Cole provides us with a detailed explanation of the meanings: "this gesture shows not only the open-handedness or generosity of the gods, but their wi...	The virtually omnipresent gesture of open palms, forearms thrust-forward, and the rich deep incrusted patina are two important iconographic features of this genre. Again Cole provides us with a detailed explanation of the meanings: "this gesture shows not only the open-handedness or generosity of the gods, but their wi...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	9,353	946
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_14	Igbo statuary is meant to be displayed and admired in groups ranging from five to thirty sculptures. According to Cole, these series are generally not carved by a single artist and one often notices more than one hand per shrine. I will attempt in this essay to identify different master carvers of Igbo statuary and gro...	Igbo statuary is meant to be displayed and admired in groups ranging from five to thirty sculptures. According to Cole, these series are generally not carved by a single artist and one often notices more than one hand per shrine. I will attempt in this essay to identify different master carvers of Igbo statuary and gro...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	10,299	711
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_15	The first scholar who worked on this issue was a Belgian, Frans Olbrechts, who identified a Luba artist whom he named the Master of Buli in his pioneering exhibition of 1937 in Antwerpen. A spate of anthologies on the artist, tradition and individual creativity appeared in the 1960s and early 70s.⁸ Exhibitions organize...	The first scholar who worked on this issue was a Belgian, Frans Olbrechts, who identified a Luba artist whom he named the Master of Buli in his pioneering exhibition of 1937 in Antwerpen. A spate of anthologies on the artist, tradition and individual creativity appeared in the 1960s and early 70s.⁸ Exhibitions organize...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	11,010	884
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_16	Among the Igbo, Cole's field research, which clearly identified individual artists' hands, also revealed that Igbo villagers and (and sometimes even artists themselves) were not very conscious of or interested in personal styles, just as Christian worshippers in medieval and Renaissance times were, in all probability, ...	Among the Igbo, Cole's field research, which clearly identified individual artists' hands, also revealed that Igbo villagers and (and sometimes even artists themselves) were not very conscious of or interested in personal styles, just as Christian worshippers in medieval and Renaissance times were, in all probability, ...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	11,894	997
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_17	The style of this Awka Master is the canonical and classical style of Igbo statuary in this quite large and very populous region. It can be defined as an elegant naturalism, a perfect flow of proportions between the various parts of the (5) Arriving in the late autumn of 1900, George T. Basden, a young British man new...	The style of this Awka Master is the canonical and classical style of Igbo statuary in this quite large and very populous region. It can be defined as an elegant naturalism, a perfect flow of proportions between the various parts of the (5) Arriving in the late autumn of 1900, George T. Basden, a young British man new...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	12,891	972
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_18	(8) D'Azevedo, Warren, ed., The Traditional Artist in African Societies, 1973, Bloomington; Marian Smith, ed., The Artist in Tribal Societies: Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 1961 (9) Herbert Cole, "Art as Verb in Iboland," in African Arts, 1969, Vol. III, 1, p. 36...	(8) D'Azevedo, Warren, ed., The Traditional Artist in African Societies, 1973, Bloomington; Marian Smith, ed., The Artist in Tribal Societies: Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 1961 (9) Herbert Cole, "Art as Verb in Iboland," in African Arts, 1969, Vol. III, 1, p. 36 and H...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	13,863	413
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_19	body and a great refinement in the treatment of the head with very delicately modeled facial features. The Akwa Master has carved at least two other statues that Kerchache sold to the Swiss collector Sandruddin Aga Khan in 1969. This second couple, published for the first time in 1970, is very close to the pair present...	body and a great refinement in the treatment of the head with very delicately modeled facial features. The Akwa Master has carved at least two other statues that Kerchache sold to the Swiss collector Sandruddin Aga Khan in 1969. This second couple, published for the first time in 1970, is very close to the pair present...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	14,276	639
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_20	A second artist, who I call the Neni Master, carved two figures n° 6 & 7. This artist's work is characterized by an elongation of the body, a modeling of the shoulders in an elegant arc, a more geometric treatment of the facial features and often a unique coiffure that looks a quadri-lobed skull cap. Two other stat...	A second artist, who I call the Neni Master, carved two figures n° 6 & 7. This artist's work is characterized by an elongation of the body, a modeling of the shoulders in an elegant arc, a more geometric treatment of the facial features and often a unique coiffure that looks a quadri-lobed skull cap. Two other stat...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	14,915	513
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_21	A third artist, the Master of Ichi Scarification, covers almost the entire upper part of the face in ichi scarifications as in statues 13 & 14. Therefore, I propose to name him the Master of Ichi scarification. His modeling of the body is quite distinctive: it is less naturalistic and instead of indicating the fles...	A third artist, the Master of Ichi Scarification, covers almost the entire upper part of the face in ichi scarifications as in statues 13 & 14. Therefore, I propose to name him the Master of Ichi scarification. His modeling of the body is quite distinctive: it is less naturalistic and instead of indicating the fles...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	15,428	704
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_22	We are fortunate to have a name for a fourth artist thanks to Cole's research. The sculptor Ubah of Isofia carved four statues for a shrine from the village of Ifite Nanka which are very similar to the two statues n° 23, & 24. This artist drifts away from the canonical Igbo styles both in terms of the modeling of t...	We are fortunate to have a name for a fourth artist thanks to Cole's research. The sculptor Ubah of Isofia carved four statues for a shrine from the village of Ifite Nanka which are very similar to the two statues n° 23, & 24. This artist drifts away from the canonical Igbo styles both in terms of the modeling of t...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	16,132	814
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_23	Moving even further away from the classical styles of the Awka/Onitsha region, we have the Abiriba Master from the eastern part of Igboland who carved a very fine polychrome statue n° 25 that once belonged to a men's meeting house probably in the vicinity of Abiriba as photographed by Herbert Cole. Another statue by th...	Moving even further away from the classical styles of the Awka/Onitsha region, we have the Abiriba Master from the eastern part of Igboland who carved a very fine polychrome statue n° 25 that once belonged to a men's meeting house probably in the vicinity of Abiriba as photographed by Herbert Cole. Another statue by th...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	16,946	760
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_24	Finally, my last artist is the Mbaise Master. Two statues n° 27 & 28 belong to a southern, Owerri region, figural style characterized "by a more geometric blocky and sharp-edged treatment of the human form, almost as if it is conceived as a series of stacked rectangles."¹⁴ The figures are left unpainted but show of...	Finally, my last artist is the Mbaise Master. Two statues n° 27 & 28 belong to a southern, Owerri region, figural style characterized "by a more geometric blocky and sharp-edged treatment of the human form, almost as if it is conceived as a series of stacked rectangles."¹⁴ The figures are left unpainted but show of...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	17,706	999
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_25	(10) Elsy Leuzinger, Die Kunst von Schwarz-Afrika, Kunsthaus, Zurich, 1970, M20. Claude Savary, Sculptures africaines d'un collectionneur de Genève, Musée d'Ethnographie, Genève, 1978, pp. 10-11, fig. 4-5 and Sotheby's London, Prince Sandruddin Aga Khan Collection of African Art, June 27, 1983, lot 29 (11) François de ...	(10) Elsy Leuzinger, Die Kunst von Schwarz-Afrika, Kunsthaus, Zurich, 1970, M20. Claude Savary, Sculptures africaines d'un collectionneur de Genève, Musée d'Ethnographie, Genève, 1978, pp. 10-11, fig. 4-5 and Sotheby's London, Prince Sandruddin Aga Khan Collection of African Art, June 27, 1983, lot 29 (11) François de ...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	18,705	890
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_26	(15) Herbert Cole, Catalogue entry, in Susan Vogel, ed., For Spirits and Kings. African Art from the Tishman Collection, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981, fig. 85, pp. 146-8	(15) Herbert Cole, Catalogue entry, in Susan Vogel, ed., For Spirits and Kings. African Art from the Tishman Collection, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981, fig. 85, pp. 146-8	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	19,595	189
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_27	In the wider scope of African art history, a formal principle applied to these Igbo styles concerns the size of statues within each shrine. According to Herbert Cole, "the concept is of an entire family unit, each member depicted as a separate image, with hierarchies reflected in the size of the figures and their surfa...	In the wider scope of African art history, a formal principle applied to these Igbo styles concerns the size of statues within each shrine. According to Herbert Cole, "the concept is of an entire family unit, each member depicted as a separate image, with hierarchies reflected in the size of the figures and their surfa...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	19,784	963
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_28	In the field photo by Cole of a shrine in Umudioka (Illus. 16, p. 58), the statue of a "chief," a deity named Eze Imeke of Umudioka Neni, "founder" of Umudoka village is on the left side. His wife is next to him but not as tall and his son, who became a policeman is represented in full uniform but slightly shorter than...	In the field photo by Cole of a shrine in Umudioka (Illus. 16, p. 58), the statue of a "chief," a deity named Eze Imeke of Umudioka Neni, "founder" of Umudoka village is on the left side. His wife is next to him but not as tall and his son, who became a policeman is represented in full uniform but slightly shorter than...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	20,747	1,016
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_29	Human figures of varying size, some of them near life-size in height are well-known manifestations of Grassfields art. These figures, displaying some of the regalia of kingship such as stools, prestige caps, drinking horns etc are commemorative and generic renderings of royal ancestors, testify to and record the dynast...	Human figures of varying size, some of them near life-size in height are well-known manifestations of Grassfields art. These figures, displaying some of the regalia of kingship such as stools, prestige caps, drinking horns etc are commemorative and generic renderings of royal ancestors, testify to and record the dynast...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	21,763	774
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_30	Ancestor memorial statues are sheltered with the royal palace, and the frequency of their appearance varies between chiefdoms from the extreme exclusivity of the public funeral celebration for a king to a regular display for an annual celebration.¹⁹	Ancestor memorial statues are sheltered with the royal palace, and the frequency of their appearance varies between chiefdoms from the extreme exclusivity of the public funeral celebration for a king to a regular display for an annual celebration.¹⁹	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	22,537	251
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_31	Finally, among the Boyo, the five statues of Chief Kimano II represent five of his ancestors with the largest being the most remote of the five (Illus. 6, p. 8).²⁰ This principle was also applied to the Hemba ancestral statuary, where some villages kept up to twenty statues in the same shrine and where the size of each...	Finally, among the Boyo, the five statues of Chief Kimano II represent five of his ancestors with the largest being the most remote of the five (Illus. 6, p. 8).²⁰ This principle was also applied to the Hemba ancestral statuary, where some villages kept up to twenty statues in the same shrine and where the size of each...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	22,788	403
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_32	An Igbo shrine with its abundance of statues can be compared to the portal of a gothic cathedral. Such a complex form contains many traits which belong to different formal sequences, each representing successive solutions to visual problems.²² Therefore, the date of manufacture of an art object (its absolute age) is as...	An Igbo shrine with its abundance of statues can be compared to the portal of a gothic cathedral. Such a complex form contains many traits which belong to different formal sequences, each representing successive solutions to visual problems.²² Therefore, the date of manufacture of an art object (its absolute age) is as...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	23,191	1,009
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_33	(16) Herbert M. Cole and Chike C. Aniakor, Igbo Arts Community and Cosmos, Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles, 1984, p. 91 (17) Idem, p. 90 (18) Perkins Foss, « Urhobo sculpture » in Jacques Kerchache, ed., Sculptures. Africa. Asia. Oceania. Americas, Paris, Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 2001, p. 133-136. (19) Tam...	(16) Herbert M. Cole and Chike C. Aniakor, Igbo Arts Community and Cosmos, Museum of Cultural History, Los Angeles, 1984, p. 91 (17) Idem, p. 90 (18) Perkins Foss, « Urhobo sculpture » in Jacques Kerchache, ed., Sculptures. Africa. Asia. Oceania. Americas, Paris, Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 2001, p. 133-136. (19) Tam...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	24,200	811
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_34	In terms of the art history of Igbo monumental sculptural styles, this distinction between systematic age and absolute age can be applied to a useful chronological indicator: the very frequent appearance of the formal trait of the ichi facial marking consisting of an unbroken series of deep diagonal incisions that cove...	In terms of the art history of Igbo monumental sculptural styles, this distinction between systematic age and absolute age can be applied to a useful chronological indicator: the very frequent appearance of the formal trait of the ichi facial marking consisting of an unbroken series of deep diagonal incisions that cove...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	25,011	463
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_35	These marks are the prerogative of the Ozo title society, which almost certainly originated among the Nri peoples – the same ancient and seminal subgroup credited with the remarkable ninth and tenth century AD copper alloy sculptures called Igbo Ukwu, right at the center of production of this monumental sculptural styl...	These marks are the prerogative of the Ozo title society, which almost certainly originated among the Nri peoples – the same ancient and seminal subgroup credited with the remarkable ninth and tenth century AD copper alloy sculptures called Igbo Ukwu, right at the center of production of this monumental sculptural styl...	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[]	0	false	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	25,474	978
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_36	(24) See Tom Phillips, Africa. The Art of a Continent, London, the Royal Academy, 1995, p. 383, Fig. 5.45a &5.45b ![img-10.jpeg](img_ref_11) ![img-11.jpeg](img_ref_12) ATLANTIC OCEAN 01	(24) See Tom Phillips, Africa. The Art of a Continent, London, the Royal Academy, 1995, p. 383, Fig. 5.45a &5.45b ATLANTIC OCEAN 01	On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture		[ "img_ref_11", "img_ref_12" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	26,452	195
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_37	# Male Statue by the Awka Master, h : 161 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editions Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 176, planche 104 ![img-12.jpeg](img_ref_13) Girls from the Eastern interior district prepar...	Male Statue by the Awka Master, h : 161 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editions Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 176, planche 104 Girls from the Eastern interior district preparing for marriage in gala dress...	Male Statue by the Awka Master, h : 161 cm		[ "img_ref_13", "img_ref_14", "img_ref_15" ]	3	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	26,647	636
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_38	# Female Statue by the Awka Master, b : 166 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 176, planche 105 ![img-15.jpeg](img_ref_16) A young lady from Awka Photo George T. Basden,...	Female Statue by the Awka Master, b : 166 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 176, planche 105 A young lady from Awka Photo George T. Basden, Among the Ibos of Nigeria, Lo...	Female Statue by the Awka Master, b : 166 cm		[ "img_ref_16", "img_ref_17" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	27,283	541
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_39	# Male Statue by the Awka Master, b : 200 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publication Franco Monti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, 1985, n° 5, page 30-31 Exhibition Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli I...	Male Statue by the Awka Master, b : 200 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publication Franco Monti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, 1985, n° 5, page 30-31 Exhibition Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo...	Male Statue by the Awka Master, b : 200 cm		[ "img_ref_18", "img_ref_19" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	27,824	730
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_40	# Male Statue, b : 168 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 ![img-19.jpeg](img_ref_20) Nkwo deity family owned communally by Umunri Neni but held by Ezeni family. This goddess, named for one of the 4 day of the week, oversees the market held on that day in addition to more general duties, i.e., warding o...	Male Statue, b : 168 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Nkwo deity family owned communally by Umunri Neni but held by Ezeni family. This goddess, named for one of the 4 day of the week, oversees the market held on that day in addition to more general duties, i.e., warding off evel, repelling warfare fro...	Male Statue, b : 168 cm		[ "img_ref_20", "img_ref_21" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	28,554	958
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_41	# Male statue by the Neni Master, b : 180 cm Provenance Jean-Pierre Jernander, Brussels ![img-21.jpeg](img_ref_22) Ezeiyi (tutelary god) and family. Far right carved circa 1910, a replacement for second from right perhaps mid 19th century, kept for the village of Umumri Neni by the Umuo Kaezeduku family. Smaller fi...	Male statue by the Neni Master, b : 180 cm Provenance Jean-Pierre Jernander, Brussels Ezeiyi (tutelary god) and family. Far right carved circa 1910, a replacement for second from right perhaps mid 19th century, kept for the village of Umumri Neni by the Umuo Kaezeduku family. Smaller figures are Ezeiyi's son (smalle...	Male statue by the Neni Master, b : 180 cm		[ "img_ref_22", "img_ref_23" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	29,512	486
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_42	# Male Statue by the Neni Master, b : 161 cm Provenance René and Odette Delenne, Galerie Antilope, Brussels, 1968 Collection Comte Baudouin de Grunne, Wezembeek-Oppem, 1969 Publication René Briat, "Une grande collection belge," in Plaisirs de France, February 1974, n° 416, p. 17, n° 10 ![img-23.jpeg](img_ref_24) You...	Male Statue by the Neni Master, b : 161 cm Provenance René and Odette Delenne, Galerie Antilope, Brussels, 1968 Collection Comte Baudouin de Grunne, Wezembeek-Oppem, 1969 Publication René Briat, "Une grande collection belge," in Plaisirs de France, February 1974, n° 416, p. 17, n° 10 Young Igbo men. Photo George T. ...	Male Statue by the Neni Master, b : 161 cm		[ "img_ref_24", "img_ref_25", "img_ref_26" ]	3	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	29,998	653
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_43	# Male Statue, b : 178 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 177, planche 106 ![img-26.jpeg](img_ref_27) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 10 Male Statue, b : 223 cm Prov...	Male Statue, b : 178 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 177, planche 106 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 10 Male Statue, b : 223 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Pari...	Male Statue, b : 178 cm		[ "img_ref_27", "img_ref_28" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	30,651	750
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_44	# Male statue, h : 190 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publication Franco Monti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, 1985, n° 1, pages 22-23 Exhibition Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, November 1985 ...	Male statue, h : 190 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publication Franco Monti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, 1985, n° 1, pages 22-23 Exhibition Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, November 1985 – ...	Male statue, h : 190 cm		[ "img_ref_29", "img_ref_30" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	31,401	435
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_45	# Male statue by the Master of Ichi Scarification, b : 174 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Comte Baudouin de Grunne, Wezembeek-Oppem, 1970 Publications Elsy Leuzinger, Die Kunst von Schwarz-Afrika, Kunsthaus, Zurich, 1970, p. 189, n° M15 Elsy Leuzinger, Afrikanische Kunstwerke. Kulturen am Niger, Esse...	Male statue by the Master of Ichi Scarification, b : 174 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Comte Baudouin de Grunne, Wezembeek-Oppem, 1970 Publications Elsy Leuzinger, Die Kunst von Schwarz-Afrika, Kunsthaus, Zurich, 1970, p. 189, n° M15 Elsy Leuzinger, Afrikanische Kunstwerke. Kulturen am Niger, Essen,...	Male statue by the Master of Ichi Scarification, b : 174 cm		[ "img_ref_31", "img_ref_32" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	31,836	1,010
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_46	Male statuette, b : 86 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 50 \| ![img-32.jpeg](img_ref_33) \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 16 Male statuette, b : 77 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 52 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 17	Male statuette, b : 86 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 50 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 16 Male statuette, b : 77 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 52 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 17	Male statue by the Master of Ichi Scarification, b : 174 cm		[ "img_ref_33" ]	1	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	32,846	258
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_47	# Female Statue, b : 146 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 544, figure 933 ![img-33.jpeg](img_ref_34) Prospective brides of chiefs. The staves and ivory bracelets are l...	Female Statue, b : 146 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 544, figure 933 Prospective brides of chiefs. The staves and ivory bracelets are loans from their future husband...	Female Statue, b : 146 cm		[ "img_ref_34", "img_ref_35" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	33,104	528
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_48	# Male statuette, b : 97 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 178, figure 110 ![img-35.jpeg](img_ref_36) 56 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 19 Female Statue, b : 118 cm ...	Male statuette, b : 97 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 178, figure 110 56 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 19 Female Statue, b : 118 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache,...	Male statuette, b : 97 cm		[ "img_ref_36", "img_ref_37" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	33,632	978
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_49	\| ![img-37.jpeg](img_ref_38) \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 21 Male Statuette, b : 95 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 178, figure 108 62 \| ![img-38.jpeg](img_ref_39...	\| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 21 Male Statuette, b : 95 cm Provenance Jacques Kerchache, Paris, 1968-69 Publication Jacques Kerchache, Jean-Louis Paudrat et Lucien Stéphan, L'art africain, Editons Citadelles, Mazenod, Paris, 1988, page 178, figure 108 62 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 22	Male statuette, b : 97 cm		[ "img_ref_38", "img_ref_39" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	34,610	358
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_50	# Male statue, b : 165 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publications Fiorella Minervino, « I misteri dell'arte nera », in Bolaffi Arte, March 1973, p. 11 Karen Blixen, La mia Africa. Scultura dell'africa nera, Fotografie de Mario Carrieri, Ivrea Olivetti, Milano, 1981, p. 140 ![img-39.jpeg](img_ref_40) ![i...	Male statue, b : 165 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publications Fiorella Minervino, « I misteri dell'arte nera », in Bolaffi Arte, March 1973, p. 11 Karen Blixen, La mia Africa. Scultura dell'africa nera, Fotografie de Mario Carrieri, Ivrea Olivetti, Milano, 1981, p. 140 Five shrine figures including the...	Male statue, b : 165 cm		[ "img_ref_40", "img_ref_41", "img_ref_42" ]	3	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	34,968	685
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_51	# Female statue by Ubah of Isuofia, h : 157 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publication Franco Monti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, 1985, n° 5, page 32-33 Exhibition Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli...	Female statue by Ubah of Isuofia, h : 157 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publication Franco Monti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, 1985, n° 5, page 32-33 Exhibition Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli I...	Female statue by Ubah of Isuofia, h : 157 cm		[ "img_ref_43", "img_ref_44" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	35,653	563
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_52	# Male Statue by Ubah of Inuofia, b : 147 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publication Franco Monti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, 1985, n° 5, page 36-37 Exhibition Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli I...	Male Statue by Ubah of Inuofia, b : 147 cm Provenance Collection privée, 1968 Publication Franco Monti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo, Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, 1985, n° 5, page 36-37 Exhibition Milano, Studio Carlo Grossetti, Scultura monumentale della Nigeria, Le Figure degli Ibo...	Male Statue by Ubah of Inuofia, b : 147 cm		[ "img_ref_45", "img_ref_46", "img_ref_47", "img_ref_48", "img_ref_49", "img_ref_50" ]	6	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	36,216	1,014
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_53	\| ![img-50.jpeg](img_ref_51) \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 27 Female Statue by the Mhaise Master, b : 119 cm Provenance Collection privée, Angleterre, avant 1969 74 \| ![img-51.jpeg](img_ref_52) \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 28	\| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 27 Female Statue by the Mhaise Master, b : 119 cm Provenance Collection privée, Angleterre, avant 1969 74 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| 28	Male Statue by Ubah of Inuofia, b : 147 cm		[ "img_ref_51", "img_ref_52" ]	2	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	37,230	238
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_54	# Male Figure by the Mbaise Master, b : 112 cm Provenance Collection privée, Angleterre, avant 1969 ![img-52.jpeg](img_ref_53) Family, genre figures and animals in lyiafo shrine in Mbieri. Photo Herbert Cole, 1966 76 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| ![img-53.jpeg](img_ref_5) ![img-54.jpeg](img_ref_6) This catal...	Male Figure by the Mbaise Master, b : 112 cm Provenance Collection privée, Angleterre, avant 1969 Family, genre figures and animals in lyiafo shrine in Mbieri. Photo Herbert Cole, 1966 76 \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| This catalog was published jointly by Bernard de Grunne and Ana & Antonio Casanovas for...	Male Figure by the Mbaise Master, b : 112 cm		[ "img_ref_53", "img_ref_5", "img_ref_6" ]	3	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	37,468	1,008
igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf_chunk_55	SOME TIME & PARTER www.snel.be . iGBO MONUMENTAL SCULPTURES FROM NIGERIA ![img-55.jpeg](img_ref_56) ARTE Y RITUAL Ana & Antonio Casanovas BERNARD DE GRUNNE TRIBAL fine ARTS	SOME TIME & PARTER www.snel.be . iGBO MONUMENTAL SCULPTURES FROM NIGERIA ARTE Y RITUAL Ana & Antonio Casanovas BERNARD DE GRUNNE TRIBAL fine ARTS	Male Figure by the Mbaise Master, b : 112 cm		[ "img_ref_56" ]	1	true	igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf	38,476	186

igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010

Dataset created with PDF2Dataset -- OCR + structure-aware chunking pipeline.

Dataset Summary

Metric	Value
Total chunks	55
Avg chars/chunk	702
Avg images/chunk	1.02
Source files	1
Duplicates removed	0
Quality filtered	1

Schema

Column	Type	Description
`chunk_id`	`string`	Unique identifier: `filename_chunk_N`
`text`	`string`	Raw markdown chunk with image refs
`text_clean`	`string`	Cleaned text without markdown formatting
`chapter`	`string`	H1 header active at chunk position
`section`	`string`	H2 header active at chunk position
`subsection`	`string`	H3+ header active at chunk position
`images`	`list[Image]`	Rendered images extracted from chunk (viewable in Dataset Viewer)
`image_refs`	`list[string]`	Image reference IDs in chunk text
`num_images`	`int`	Number of images in chunk
`has_images`	`bool`	Whether chunk contains images
`source_filename`	`string`	Original source file name
`start_index`	`int`	Character offset in source document
`char_count`	`int`	Character count of chunk text

Source Files

File	Chunks
`igbo-de-grunne-casanovas-tefaf-2010.pdf`	55

Document Structure

Chapters found in the source documents:

Female Statue by the Awka Master, b : 166 cm
Female Statue, b : 146 cm
Female statue by Ubah of Isuofia, h : 157 cm
Introduction
Male Figure by the Mbaise Master, b : 112 cm
Male Statue by Ubah of Inuofia, b : 147 cm
Male Statue by the Awka Master, b : 200 cm
Male Statue by the Awka Master, h : 161 cm
Male Statue by the Neni Master, b : 161 cm
Male Statue, b : 168 cm
Male Statue, b : 178 cm
Male statue by the Master of Ichi Scarification, b : 174 cm
Male statue by the Neni Master, b : 180 cm
Male statue, b : 165 cm
Male statue, h : 190 cm
Male statuette, b : 97 cm
On style and shrines in Igbo Monumental Sculpture

Pipeline

This dataset was processed through the PDF2Dataset pipeline:

OCR -- Mistral OCR extracts text and images from PDF/image files
Chunking -- Structure-aware recursive splitting preserves document hierarchy
Validation -- Schema validation ensures every chunk has required fields
Deduplication -- Content-hash based dedup removes identical chunks
Quality Filtering -- Removes empty, too-short, or malformed chunks

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