How could I estimate the force I apply when I squeeze a new toothpaste tube? I want to either be able to calculate it without having to perform an experiment, or refer to some scientific journal with a similar calculation or rough estimate. I was thinking that I could use Hooke's law and calculate the force exerted when a similar force to that of gently squeezing the tube is exerted on a spring with a spring constant similar to the resistivity of the toothpaste tube...I could make numbers up (as the value of the force I am looking for can very much be an estimate), but I have no clue what an estimate k value and x value would be to calculate the force using Hooke's law.


I noted the question above had been posted. And I wanted to comment, but nay, it was locked out. However, what of the old 'CRT' tubes, in which magnetic fields are used to steer the electron stream ? Now I know the 'Electron's' do not get attracted, or repulsed directly to the source of the magnetism, but the magnetic field certainly has an effect. So if one were to extend the CRT tube to ... well, rather long, would the electron eventually move to, or away from the 'North' or 'South' pole ?


(a) The rise of price of goods burdens the people. (b) The rising of price of goods burdens the people. (c) The ban of plastic bags is a good way to reduce environmental problems. (d) The banning of plastic bags is a good way to reduce environmental problems. Which form should I use for the words 'rise' and 'ban' before the preposition? Gerund or noun?


I have seen it on the Internet as follows (abbreviated as IMAO): Only the Muggles will find it offensive IMAO. I know it's contrasted with the common phrase "in my humble opinion," but I still don't know what impression it tries to convey, nor what is the appropriate situation for it to be used. Is it a somewhat unfriendly phrase? How do I use it right?


Can anyone suggest a book on rings explaining concepts using visual diagrams, similar to the one visual group theory book by Nathan Carter for groups.The problem with me is that after reading that book I am visualizing everything in terms of Cayley's diagram,cycle graphs etc. and now I'm feeling if I'll use a standard book i'll be missing some great things. I'll be grateful for any help.


It is my understanding that clouds are largely made up of water, which is known to split white light into its frequency components, and that's why we see rainbows sometimes. My question is, with sunlight being practically constant throughout the day, why aren't there rainbows all over, all the time? I mean, we can see monochromatic changes in the color of the "sky" throughout the day, but rainbows seem to only happen sometimes, why? In short: Rainbows that we can see come from water droplets, not collections of droplets.


A phobia is an irrational fear of something. An intolerance to something is usually an -ism, not a -phobia, as in sexism racism ageism Yet people who object to homosexual practices or discriminate against homosexuals are labelled "homophobic" and their intolerance is labelled "homophobia". But homophobia should logically be an irrational fear of things that are the same (and indeed is listed with both meanings in this list of phobias) and an intolerance to a particular sexuality should surely be sexualism, sexualityism, or a similar word. So... how did the "sexualism" meaning of "homophobia" come about? Is there another word for intolerance of / discrimination against people of a particular sexuality that doesn't imply irrationality or fear?


Where can I find the problem talked about in the following paragraph regrading Maxwell's laws of electromagnetism - Every time Maxwell rearranged his equations to make the speed of light the subject and plugged in the numbers he got a very strange result. The speed of light always came out the same, regardless of the speed of the light source. This result seemed absurd! It's common sense that anything cast from a moving body will have a speed that's calculated from both the moving body and the object. as seen on here in the paragraph titled as 'An impossible Result ?


Say I run an experiment measuring some parameter A on a sample group of a population where A is a non-negative real number. Is there some way of knowing if my percentile results are reasonable? Ideally, I'd have confidence intervals around my percentiles to know their ranges in the population as a whole instead of just in the sample group. TL;DR want confidence intervals for percentiles


I am attempting to show communication between states in a Markov process, basically something like this, although the arrow angles aren't of any importance, simply having that relation between the nodes : I have looked into TikZ (which I've never used) and have tried finding some info on the simplest way to create nodes like this, but most sources I've found seem overcomplicated for how simple a task I'm trying to accomplish. Any ideas?


Real photons do have frequencies, which is directly related to its energy. So, can virtual photons that take part in EM interactions have frequencies too? When my hand is pressed up against a glass window, do the virtual photons taking part in the EM interaction keeping my hand from falling through the window have a frequency compared to the photons that passing through the window (visible spectrum) or those reflecting off it (frequencies the glass is opaque to)? Also, since virtual photons may be massive and definitely have four-momentum, they definitely do have some energy - so is there any notion of frequency?


Turns out there's tritium illumination - a tiny very strong plastic tube will be covered in phosphor and filled with tritium. Tritium will undergo beta decay and a flow of electrons will cause the phosphor to glow. This gives enough light for illuminating hours marks on a wristwatch dial and the hands of the wristwatch for many years and is claimed to not pose health hazard. Now how it is possible to have energetic enough radioactive decay and no health hazard at the same time?


I want to buy some text books at graduate level. I have got enough money in my contingency grant, as there is a chance, i thought i should buy some good books not thinking about the cost. The areas that i am interested in are Commutative algebra, Algebraic geometry, Algebraic number theory, Homological algebra, Representation theory, Algebraic topology Any thing a bit advanced is also welcome. I do not want to buy so many books on same subject for the reason that there may be some repetitions in the content and all. Please suggest some thing regarding this.


I'm not really a programmer but I'm quite interested in learning how to use LaTeX/TeX. I've looked it up on Wikipedia and scanned through it and the documents created through this way of editing is just beautiful. Formulas are also available within it too, so writing math thesis or physics papers would be amazing. Is this system just for programmers, or can normal people use it too? (I'm mainly a designer, so I usually edit it in Word or InDesign.)


According to inflation theory, the inflation itself took place at some short yet finite time after Big Bang, so there should be some gravitational interactions present before inflation, some objects started accelerating towards other objects etc. However after inflation many of those objects were scattered outside of their neighbours' light cones and as gravity propagates with the speed of light the interaction between such objects should be interrupted. Yet what about the initial acceleration that these objects gained before the inflation occurred? Shouldn't these objects still be moving in their original pre-inflationary direction? And how would such forces shape the present Universe?


I have some datasets and I need to find spikes in them. Imagine the data looks like trading data. If the spike is big enough, I need to log it, otherwise, proceed in the analysis. I tried with a moving average approach, but cannot detect all of them. Is there a better way? Also, I would like to know if there is a robust approach to calculating the baseline, so I can filter it out.


For someone maybe stupid question but im quite curious and didnt find an answer for this. If elecricity is just a flow of electrons and we can power things by movement of electrons, Why we cannot get electricity/energy from electrons that are orbiting every atoms nucleus. Is it related to uncertainity of the position of the electron or that the electrons of atom are not orbiting in the same direction? Or it is related to the charge of the whole atom and we actually cant separate the energy of electron and nucleus. Is it possible for the electrons of an atom to stop orbiting its nucleus. Thank you for your thoughts :)


A friend has said that there is a word meaning the outcome is something very different from that originally envisaged. For example: The Australian government introduced a "First time home owner" bonus. Where if you were buying your first house you would get a lump sum cash. Of course everyone selling a house in that price backet put the price up by the same amount as the lump sum and first time buyers didn't benefit at all. Does anyone know if there is a word meaning this and what it is?


I came across a question in a book. It says: If any of the following sentences show that something happened in the past, make the italicized verb simple past by adding -d or -ed. If you cannot tell whether the past or present is intended, do not change the verb. I realize that you are right. My Mother appear at the door. What should be the answers? I am a bit confused with those two sentences.


Theoretically we can convert a body into black hole by compressing its mass below some radius (known as Schwarzschild Radius). Suppose such object after becoming black hole has a radius which is comparable to atom and nucleus radius. Now my question is: what happens if we run this object into double slit experiment setup (single black hole at a time)? Shall we get interference pattern on the detector wall because its radius is in quantum domain (say we somehow know when on detector screen this black hole will hit) or simple-particle pattern (i.e. classical way) because of the mass associated with that black hole? If you have a really tiny black hole, will it behave as a classical particle, or will it exhibit quantum behavior?


I am learning english, an I am wondering if I would be "correct" in using only the past tense and never using the present perfect tense. I might be over-simplifying the english grammar ... So, are there some situations where it would be incorrect using the past tense instead of present pefect ? (the following link gives some axample where past tense shall be used instead of present perfect, but no example where present perfect shall be used instead of past tense: Present perfect for past action with present effect) Many thanks for your replies, Thierry


I have seen usage of both super and superb. I also searched for meaning of these two words and found they are almost identical. Example sentences - She is a super girl. His performance in the last game was superb. Use of any of those two words doesn't change the meaning of those above sentences either. Need suggestion of proper usage of these two words. When to use and why?


In Dutch we use the translated equivalent of not hindered with any knowledge to indicate somebody without any knowledge on the subject. It is not necessarily negative. It can mean that somebody is complete open and new to the subject, which may lead to new ideas, insights etc. But in a different context it may also carry a sarcastic tone indicating somebody with the biggest mouth and slightest knowledge. Is this equivalent comparable and usable or are there better constructs?


I have to prove the following: The line segment xz is an edge of the convex hull CH(A) iff all other points of A lie in one of the closed half-planes induced by the supporting line l(x, z) of xz, i.e., on (x, z) or to one side of the previous. So far the only idea is to start somehow with the basics that a convex combination is a linear combination of points but no idea of the next step


I am trying to compose a sentence, and I am currently stuck for the right word. I am trying to say: In a job interview, the audience would be the employer and the --------- That is the word I am looking for. I cannot put "employee" as he has not been employed yet. Is there a single word for someone looking for a job? "Job-seeker?"


What are the differences between net, network, mesh and grid? If I have a look at the OED entries, I have a feeling of rather a circular definition: mesh Material made of a network of wire or thread... net A piece of open-meshed material... grid A network of lines that cross each other... Could you list some most common collocations with each of the words and explain why this particular one is used? Such as why do we use mosquito net and not mosquito mesh?


Astroturfing is a word used to describe a fake or counterfeit grassroots campaign. The clever term is derived from the notion that one kind of fake grass is astroturf. Another more niche example is from mathematics. We call the "germ" of a function the part at the bottom of a stalk in some sheaf. We call this a germ because it is like the germ for the stalk of a plant. In both of these examples, one makes an analogy to create a term, and then related terms, carry on this analogy to build terms related to the first. Is there a specific name for this sort of term?


There is always a debate around Earth Hour every year, and the opposite side of Earth Hour usually claims that The (sudden) decrease and increase of the power usage in the start and end of Earth Hour will cause much more power loss (than the save of power), and even do damage to the power supply system. Is this statement true? To what extent? Thank you very much.


I'm currently working on some graph theory, and I'm checking the robustness of graphs, by removing random vertices from a graph and then check how many vertices are outside the giant component. Then I'll do that for a lot of vertices, and plot them using ListPlot. This takes along time to calculate, is there a way I can visualise it, that it plots something everytime a value is calculated. thisFunctionTakesVeryLongAndReturnsAList := .... ListPlot[thisFunctionTakesVeryLongAndReturnsAList [graph]] thisFunctionTakesVeryLongAndReturnsAList calculates a value that can be plotted all the time


If two stick two magnets the mass will be less than sum of the individual magnets. They lose certain mass while they stick together. Probably, they release some energy. My question is: when the magnets are separated, whether their original mass is restored to its original level? If that is right then after performing sticking and separating several times of the two magnets, they should vanish.


Possibly two questions in here: Are these sentence constructions logical, and if they are, why are they different? I swam across the Ocmulgee River. I swam across the Pacific Ocean. I swam across the Red Sea. I swam across Lake Winnipeg. I can't think of a way of phrasing the lake example while using an article with a proper noun. I thought at first it was because Lake Winnipeg is different; it's generic portion (the "Lake") comes first and the name of that body comes second, but I swam across Falls Lake is the same. Yet the sentence I swam across the lake sounds right to me. ...Why?


There is a similar question that gives a bit of an explanation, but little mathematical proof here: force applied not on the center of mass I would like mathematical proof that shows that the velocity of a rigid body when a force is applied to the center of mass is equal to the velocity of the same rigid body when the same force is applied to a point on the body other than the center of mass. Thanks in advance!


Via Cantor's back-and-forth method we know that the linearly ordered set of all rational numbers and the linearly ordered set of all real algebraic numbers are isomorphic. But from the point of view of what people usually do with rational numbers or with algebraic numbers, the order isomorphisms yielded by Cantor's proof are icky. Are there any that are well behaved and have nice mathematical properties?


Okay, so recently I ended up saying this: Well, that is unfortunate... sometimes it happens, sometimes it doesn't. Okay. You know, just saying "Sometimes it happens" already tells you that something happens sometimes and other times it doesn't. But, sometimes, I need to make very clear that this "something" doesn't happen always. That's why I say sometimes it happens, sometimes it doesn't But is there a way to shorten this phrase? To make it simpler, but still making very clear the fact that this "something" may not happen? Repeating "sometimes" is not very much of my liking...


There are many businesses that hosts other related or unrelated business as part of their service. Example a plaza/shopping mall will have various stores, owned and operated by others, a university may host other organisations such as book stores, restaurants, computer stores etc. The University of Technology, Jamaica has an organisation/business called the Technology Innovation Centre (TIC), that is a business incubator. TIC itself hosts various businesses not relating to the University. All these hosted businesses uses the address and name of their host as part of their own address.What name is given to these type of businesses that play hosts to other businesses?


I have a forum where you can Like a reply. After you press that button it changes from Like to Liked. Now I want to add a Dislike button so I would like to replace the "Liked" text for something that would also include "Disliked". I think the word should be close to something like "Done", "Voted", or "Pressed" but also related with the original text. Do you have any suggestions?


I am working on displaying source code for which I pass a path to a macro. Now I am wondering if it is possible using xstring or stringstrings to match from after the last delimiter, i.e. / to the end of the string to determine the filename. Example: I might pass ../code/subfolder/project/code.java to the macro for which I want to extract the substring code.java. It seems easy to match the first occurrence of a character, but not the last.


I am aware that the universally accepted style is to put an apostrophe-s at the end of the second possessor's name. Example: Amy and Steve's car My question is not whether that is the common rule; I know it is. My question is whether anyone knows of a style guide, grammar, or other authority that condones writing this in the usual style of a plural possessor; that is, with an apostrophe on the end of the compound/plural owner's name: John and Jacks' house John Merrill, Stephen Arthur, Chuck Williams, and Donald Smiths' law firm Thanks!


In photography the negative means the lightest areas of the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest. But I was wondering: is this the way how negative should actually be described at all? What if the negative just meant that you reverse the (visible) spectrum. What kind of image would that produce? Would the whites still be whites? (unlike in the "traditional" negative where white -> black)


In order to answer a question I have to take a look at a document that is not with me by the time that question was raised. Which of these sentences is more suitable to express that idea? I am not able to answer your question without taking a look at document X; I cannot answer your question before taking a look at document X; Feel free to suggest any other sentence that you may think appropriate.


The dispersion of white light beam while passing through a triangular prism is well known. Considering the reversibility of optical path, it should be possible to reverse the experiment. How can one implement the reverse experiment of lights' dispersion in experiment? What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of the incident light beam(s) in order to obtain a white light beam after passing through a dispersive prism? For example, can one remove some of light beams with specific wavelengths or adjust their intensity but still obtains white light beam?


In my understanding, Alternating Direction Method for Multipliers (ADMM) is widely viewed as a tool to parallelize large-scale convex-optimization problems arising in statistics and other related fields. The following paper by S. Boyd is a good reference https://web.stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/pdf/admm_distr_stats.pdf But one can also use, like Help needed to define a constraint in an optimization problem?, ADMM to solve non-convex problems I am looking for a paper that I can cite when ADMM is used for solving otherwise non-convex problems?


Initialisms are pronounced as words and acronyms are spelt letters. However, some words sound the same, said and spelt. e.g. Input Output can be abbreviated as IO. It can be spelt I-O or pronounced Io as in the moon/god. There is no way to tell the difference in how it is said or written. Is a word which is pronounced the way it is spelt, an initialism, an acronym or both?


The plural of 'passerby' is 'passersby' with an 's' acting like an infix (W-B says that this is the only plural form of the word). This seems like a very interesting exception, so I thought I would ask a question. Are there any other English words that are made plural by an 's' put inside the noun? One criterion has to be met: the singular noun is composed of one (unhyphenated) word only.


A customer want to place his gold to bank account. He shows up in a bank with his gold bars and says that he wants to put it to his gold account. I was unable to choose the correct word here. Customer delivers his precious metal bullion to the bank. Customer leaves his precious metal bullion in the bank. Customer gives up his precious metal bullion to the bank. Customer leaves out his precious metal bullion to the bank. Customer leaves his precious metal bullion to the bank. Customer submits his precious metal bullion to the bank. Customer puts away precious metal bullion to the bank. Customer ... precious metal bullion to the bank. Which word should I choose?


I am confused about some definitions in logic/ axiomatic set theory: We stated in our logic lecture the ZFC axioms and called the members of a ZFC-model "sets". But to define formulas and structures, we needed sets as in "A structure is a non-empty set with functions and relations" and also for formulas, we needed, e. g. a variable set. Could you help me solving my problem? For me it currently seems circle-reasoning. Best regards


A toy is randomly put in a given Cereal box as a promotional gift. There can be N different types of toys and each one can be of any type N (IID). (a) Find the expected number of cereal box one has to buy before she can have atleast one toy of each type, (b) If she has already collected m toys, what is the expected number of different toys she has collected. Can someone explain how to model this problem using Indicator Random variables.


"Gas prices are going up." Which of the following is also a general statement about gas prices: The price of gasoline is going up. The gas price is going up. And could you tell me why? I have this question because although I know, for example, both "Tigers are big" and "The tiger is big" are generic constructions, but I am not sure how to use "the" when it is a noun phrase instead of a single noun.


This is going to sound stupid but anyways. I am currently in a physics class and my teacher likes us to use dimensional analysis which I do not understand how to use or what to do with it! So firstly can someone explain that? And secondly, I can do all of the work (my way) and show all the work and my units, he just doesn't know "how I did it" but I still get the right answer and have all the work stated and he docks points for this, is that at all fair? Any opinions from other teachers would be greatly valued here.


I'm using in hopes that in the following sentence. However, it does not seems to be formal and appropriate for a scientific paper. Is there any similar phrase that has the same meaning but more formal ? Thanks. To overcome this crucial issue, a popular solution has been used where a task is assigned to many workers and the results for this task are aggregated in hopes that the aggregated result is actually the correct one.


I have a PDF document, evidently produced using LaTeX, which has wide white margins and crop marks. I'd like to remove these margins and corresponding crop marks. Is there a tool to do it automatically? EDIT Werner suggested to use pdfpages package to include PDF's pages in a LaTeX document. I should actually include only the pages of the PDF I'd like to crop and use options to trim it. I'm waiting for an help in recognizing the most appropriate options to do so.


Is there a word that describes the case of using an adjective to describe a noun that already suggests as much? Examples the pretty model won all of the awards the smart genius answered every question the dangerous monster ate the man the fast jet the floating buoy Some of these examples might not be the best, but I hope they give the right idea. I know they are superfluous, but I'm not trying to define the adjectives themselves, but the act of using them.


With How do I change color settings in TeXStudio? and How can I set a dark theme in TeXstudio? I managed to change the colour of the editor (in this case to a darker theme to prevent eye strain). Now I would like to change the colour of The toolbars The Structure and Message / Log File menus The line numbers at the left of the editor The Line, Visual column, Text column counter below the editor I already tried the advanced options from Options -> Configure TeXstudio.


I have observed while driving at night the yellow marks on road seem white. What I understand is the color of an object is the visible light wavelengths it does not absorb. In other words the yellow line does not absorb yellow light. The head light of my car is normal and thus is slight yellow light. So from my understanding the color of the line should not really change and still be yellow. Can somebody confirm the same observation (or is something wrong with my eyes) and tell me the reason.


On points arranged in a parallelogram lattice, like on the image in this Wikipedia article, how to calculate the maximal distance any point on the plane may have to its closest point from the lattice. Or alternately, the maximal radius of a disk that can be placed on the plane such that it does not contain any point of the lattice. As input I have the side length and both diagonals of one possible parallelogram that fits the lattice. Edit: I meant the lattice not grid, i.e. only the sparse set of intersection points of a parallelogram grid.


As you see in the picture, the blonde woman is kicking another woman in the stomach. Can the blonde woman say: Take my kick. (I mean that she wants to give her kick to another woman and she humorously offers the other woman to receive her kick) And what is your opinion about this picture? Can the African woman say: Take my punch. If these sentences are not correct, what would a native speaker suggest? Thank you .


I am in search of a word that has the meaning of 'capacity of a person to habituate to a new environment'. I can use adaptability. Like he is more adaptable than others. But 'adaptable' may not necessarily imply to a place, it may imply adapting emotions also. So is there any word that signifies the capability of a person who habituates to a new environment quickly. f I call it X. I can say as. He is Xer than others.


I've just saw in Maclane and Moerdijik's book ("Sheaves in Geometry and Logic: A First Introduction to Topos Theory") about the Cohen forcing viewed in a categorical way using Topos theory. Is there any reference for forcing techniques using categories and Topos? Can the other kinds of forcing (iterated, Prickry, etc.) be viewed in the same (analogous) way? Any reference for the last question? Thanks in advance.


Many intuitive knot invariants including Jones' polynomial are inspired by statistical mechanics. Further profound connections have been explored between knot theory and statistical mechanics. I was looking if similar connection have been found for graph invariants. I am interested to know if any attempts have been made form statistical physics community to solve graph isomorphism problem. Since both knot problem and graph isomorphism are problem about testing structural equivalence there might be connection between them.


I was reading linear vector spaces. When doing some exercise to prove some statements based on the properties defined for linear vector spaces, i suddenly noticed, outside the things defined, i'm using a common notion without proof. This notion also surfaced when i was studying Group theory. After giving a thought i come to the conclusion that i've used it in all systems which are modeled after euclid. I mean first i give some postulates. Then i derive statements from those postulates. Euclid also has it as "common notion" : If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal. So i started wondering that if anybody challenged this or attempted to build a system without this.


If the explanation for the B-field due to a current in a wire that I've heard (length contraction by moving electrons in conductor) is true, would you really need to be moving to feel the "B-field" of this wire? What I mean is, if the electrons within the conductor are moving quickly enough, then they will already be (barely) length-contracted along their path. Since there is no "moving positive-charge", as electrons are the only charges that are moving, wouldn't this length-contraction of electrons immediately come off as an increase in negative-charge density?


I'm interested in quantum mechanics book that uses high level mathematics (not only the usual functional analysis and the theory of generalised functions but the theory of pseudodifferential operators etc, certainly the modern mathematics). If there isn't something similar please give me a reference to the book that is strictly supported by mathematics (given a set of mathematically descripted axioms author develops the theory using mathematics as a main tool).


In this Phys.SE answer Ron Maimon stats: there is no relativistic particle formalism in which the particles have postive energies and casual propagation. You can either deal with fields in which case the particle notion is non local or you can deal with particles. But then they go back in time. Is this true that there can be no particle interpretation where particles only travel forward in time? I'm not asking about path intergrals but the particle interpretation in general, I'm also aware the field interpretation is the more popular.


We easily find probabilities by counting the number of ways we can meet a condition and dividing it by the number of total possible outcomes. This is using combinatorics to solve probabilities. Im looking for a scenario, or a type of complicated combinatorial problem, in which the approach at counting the number of ways of meeting a condition is actually easier by multiplying the probability of meeting the condition (determined in other ways) by the total possible number of outcomes. I realize this may be an absurd question, but its been in the back of my mind for some time. Can anyone imagine up such a problem? This is for the sake of education, so that we may all learn of new problem solving techniques.


What is wind? I think it is kind of a vibration of air particles. If so, is it a longitudinal or a transverse wave? Or is it just a bunch of air particles being pushed? Smells disperse in wind so the latter explanation might be a better. And breath also consists of movement of air particles. But how can wind travel so far without stopping? Can it be the pressure produced by temperature difference pushing it? So could you say it can be attributed to a wave? Any help would be appreciated, thank you.


I've read it can be due to 'intrinsic semiconductor conduction' and surface conduction. The LED I am looking at is InAs, which is apparently prone to surface conduction. I have tried out what these two quantities are on google but have been unsuccessful. In particular because I have no extensive mathematical knowledge of the subject, and so am looking for a qualitative answer. And why does reverse leakage current increase with higher temperatures?


Q: Is the italicised verb form correct in this sentence? Jane's pale face suggested she could be ill: her parents suggested that she have a medical examination. A: The sentence is grammatically correct. The subjunctive remains in force even though it is likely the patient will follow the doctor's advice. To actualize the blood test with "has" would be telling an untruth. The subjunctive holds the notion of a suggestion in place. Thus does grammar make its own modest contribution to truthful speaking. I don't see how this sentence can be grammatical. Please could you offer any comments.


I am just about to create my beamer file for my upcoming presentation in which I need to open another program (NetLogo if it helps) to show it to the audience. Is there any possibility to create a shortcut or link so that I only have to press 'next' or click on that shortcut to open the program? Or do I have to close the PDF my self and open the other program? I'd be most thankful for your answers.


I am sure all of us have played with rubbing things and producing static electricity and when I was charging my comb by rubbing it on my hair and watching it attracting a small piece of paper, I heard a very feeble noise just like an electric buzz sound. I could feel the electron "cloud" all around the comb and the paper it I could find no reason as to why a sound should be produced. From where is that sound coming from?


This is a historical question partly, and maybe too broad for this site, but would require some familiarity with modern physics research practice so hopefully appropriate here. Einstein's later years, after general relativity, were (as I understand it) taken up predominantly by his effort to find a unified theory that explains both gravitation and electromagnetism and their interrelation. And from what I understand his approach was mainly mathematical, trying variations of functions and so forth, looking for something that fit - and doing his work predominantly on paper. Had he access to modern computers - programming languages, mathematica, etc. - how might that have changed his progress, and willingness to give up perhaps? And in what ways have computers in general changed / revolutionized theoretical & mathematical physics?


Lately, I have been watching sparks while connecting my electronic devices and I can notice that electricity is kind of blue, and theoretically it's blue because it reflects blue wavelengths?? And that makes it a particle (like if I said that light is a particle because photons). So am I correct? If electricity doesn't have that color because of that, then why is it blue?? After asking this now I think the following questions: Does electricity have the exact temperature to produce blue light (in terms of the EM spectrum)?? If the answer is no, why does electricity have color??


If context is needed, I'm happy to supply it.. The sentence I want to rephrase: Some selection of this kind has for some time been imperatively called for, by the wants of the gardener, farmer, and amateur, the multiplicity of sorts in the larger works and catalogues rendering them nearly useless to those who merely wish to know those kind adapted for family or market supply. I'm at a loss of words for interpreting the sentence into concise rephrasing for elementary comprehension. It's from a book by Robert Buist titled "The Family Kitchen Gardener" (Full book). The sentence is under PREFACE a few paragraphs down.


According to Wikipedia, A set of states C is a communicating class if every pair of states in C communicates with each other. A communicating class is closed if the probability of leaving the class is zero. Would you call an absorbing state a closed communicating class since it cannot be left and it communicates with itself? However, one problem with calling an absorbing state a closed communicating class is that since it consists of only one state (obviously) - and this might not satisfy the definition of a set of states.


English has a "intricate" relationship between graphemes and phonemes,i.e. there is no sure way of knowing how to pronounce something by just looking at its written form. Generally any language has this property, but English is much more complicated in comparison to - say - Italian (which happens to be my native language). This fact is known, and I remember stumbling upon a very nice sentence by an English Author, who leverage on this fact and wrote a sentence whose words did not make any sense together, but if you read them, then the "sounds" formed a perfectly meaningful phrase. I seem to remember something concerning "god" and a "fish"? Not sure though. Anybody remember that?


In a research problem in an unrelated area, me and a student found it necessary to count the number of directed graphs with every vertex having one outward-pointing edge, with no restrictions on the number of edges pointing inward. Not being a graph theorist, I was wondering if this is a well-known class of directed graphs. Is the number of such graphs for fixed n known? If it is unknown or an open problem, we'll work on it together, but it seems likely to be known.


I am writing an ad and would like to write: "Our team of economists are at your service and available by phone or email. They will be happy to respond...". I know that grammatically speaking, 'team' is the subject of the sentence and, being singular, would dictate that 'it' is "at your service". BUT, it just feels better reading this and it evokes a picture of a bunch of economists doing what they do rather than a single unit". Is what I'm doing OK? Should I be arrested by the grammar police?


Possible Duplicate: Temporarily increase line spacing I tried to follow these examples here Temporarily increase line spacing but in my case it didn't change anything. I have to use a latex template, which is provided by my university. My title looks currently like this: as you can see, the third line has not enough spacing. Can anyone help me to fix this issue? You find the entire template (already with my title in it) for downloading on my webspace: http://www.easteregg.ch/DDIS-diploma-thesis-template-en-long-title.zip just run the "ddis-thesis-EN.tex" in the root folder and you will get probably the exact same issue.


Does a first-person possessive pronoun have to come last if it is in a list with others?" "My irresponsible sister loves jewelry, so she took both Sally's and mine. "The same room was marked on Joe's and my map." I know it is much better to simply use a plural pronoun such as our or their, but I can not find the answer to this anywhere.


Situation: Someone says i want to meet the first monday of each month. And i want to tell them that the first wouldn't work. But i want to say it like: Please choose a different xxxxx. IE: if i wanted to change the day i'd say. "Please choose a different day" I'm thinking something close to frequency or ordinal..but i'm sure there's a term for it.


Does a magnetic field have concentrations of magnetic force lines as seen when putting iron filings over top a bar magnet or are these imaginary? I.e. are they just an artifact of the iron being a 'conductor' of the magnetic field lines making them look like they are concentrated along these path lines but are really continuum of strength around the bar magnet when there are no filings are present? Also I learned that field lines do not cross, yet there are magnet configurations who's forces are explained as the magnetic force vectors are indeed crossing and are additive such as a Halbach Magnet Array. So what is actually happening here?


In an airplane, the lady attending you is known as the attendant, besides sometimes being called a stewardess or air hostess. What does she do? Just serve you. Then what is that my maid does? Nothing but serve me. Can I therefore call my maid, my attendant? What about my other servant? Can I call him my attendant too, since I cannot call a male person my maid? Is gender the only difference? Then who and what are pages? I am looking for a clear distinction between these four terms.


So I asked a question earlier similar to this, and the solution made sense; however, the graph was very simple with only five vertices. If the graph is more complex like this one then how would you determine if the graph is a bipartite? When I asked earlier, I was shown the method of trying different color combinations for all the vertices, and checking if the edges connected opposite vertices that way, but is there another way to do it for a more complex graph like this one?


I do understand the concept of Naive Bayesian classification, as it tries to calculate the probability of an outcome of a class given multiple evidences. It comes from the Bayes theorem and it is called naive as it tries to each of piece of evidence as independent. This approach is why this is called naive Bayes. However, I wonder why in the derivation of the mathematics behind Naive Bayesian Classificaiton, we take logs and odds. So my question is basically the following: Why odds and log odds transformations are meaningful ?


I would like to understand the first law of thermodynamics, but I have some problems with the basic concept. How to define exactly the internal energy? As I see it, given a system of particles, which the principle of work is in force for. Can it be considered 'per definitionem' the isolated thermodynamical system? If yes, the diatermic system can be defined as a system where the priciple of work isn't met. Therefore, if we define the internal energy as the sum of kinetic and potential energies of the particles, there is a term missing from the equation of the sum-work in diatermic case, called heat, which the first law postulates. How can heat be mathematically characterized?


It seems to me that in and of work equally well in sentences such as these: Habitat selection in birds is frequently studied. Habitat selection of birds is frequently studied. Variation is a key concept in statistics. Variation is a key concept of statistics. The function of behaviour is an important theme in evolution. The function of behaviour is an important theme of evolution. Should either in or of be favoured in the above sentences?


Is there some way to produce these figures using TeX itself preferably using TikZ? If yes, then I would also like to add labels right next to the nodes rather than using a legend. This is a screenshot from a paper I am reading and I would prefer using TeX to create them than using some external tools. EDIT I read the answer here but I would like to add the 'crosses' on the line instead of a gray colored line pointing to where the cross must exist. Moreover, I don't know how to change the crosses to the different symbols given in the diagram drawn above.


I'm writing a book and need help finding a word to describe a boy who immediately jumps to do what he is told. This is the sentence it will be used in -> "Ulric bring me a glass of water," Yohann says, in a raucous tone, as he turns back to the window seeming to forget about the ________ boy who scrambles to follow his grandfathers request. I might need to rephrase the sentence...


I'm uploading a very simple tufte handout based paper to arxiv and I'm getting an error: ! LaTeX Error: Option clash for package hyperref. but I am not loading hyperref anywhere. I'm only loading amsmath, babel, graphicx, polski (the polish latex package), booktabs, untis and multicol packages. I'm not chaning any hyperref options explicitly. Is there a general problem with arxiv supporting the tufte class?


I don't know how to describe exactly my issue, but I'll make a try: I am writing a document on Lyx, and I am using the module "report". I have customised the page margins but when I write paragraphs, some sentences do not obey the margin and some words are not in the same line. Graphically: From a PDF that is created with Office there is a tool (a ruler I think) with which you can make the paragraphs in order to be all the words in the same line. For example: How can i fix this issue?


Is there a word that refers to an official interest group held in school where registration is totally optional but members once registered are expected to come? Official means the school keeps records and members who do not reach a certain attendance threshold would be kicked out. I was thinking of school club but that seems to suggest that attendance is totally optional since clubs have the notion of come-and-go-whenever-you-like. On the other hand, the word association or organization sound too business-like. Besides school club, is there a better word that has a closer meaning to official school interest group?


I have the following figure: As of now I create this in Word/Powerpoint and paste the screenshot in a LaTeX file. Is there a way to create this natively? Also, what would be the advantage of doing so? The tables are just place holders and actual table design/content may change. But I prefer if it could be editable and not fixed. I'm not sure I even know where to start or how to go about it. I've never needed to draw anything in LaTeX before.


By my current understanding of the two words, the sentence: The preciseness of this precision is very definite is grammatically correct. Correct me if I'm wrong, and if so; what is the distinction between the two words? OED definition of preciseness: Exactness, accuracy; definiteness; minuteness. OED definition of precision: a. An instance of exactness or preciseness; a particular, nicety, minute detail, esp. of language. b. The fact, condition, or quality of being precise; exactness, accuracy. Also, what is the word for the situation in which this can occur? (I want to say it's the opposite of an oxymoron?)


I did the best I could. The sentence above can be rephrased: I did the best that I could. In these two examples (that) I could is a relative clause. However, I am not sure whether it is modifying best or the best or an ellipted element. What exactly is this clause modifying? Secondly, what type of phrase is the best here and what type of word is best?


Humour me for a minute here and let's imagine that all interesting and plausible supersymmetry models have been "cornered" out by the experimental data; what sort of alternatives are there for having quantum field theories with Poincare symmetry that are allowed to have nontrivial internal symmetries? i.e: that the Coleman-Mandula theorem does not apply? What other assumptions of the theorem can be relaxed or dropped, and still leave us with workable QFT? Are we forced to drop full Lorentz-Poincare symmetry or will the theorem still apply with slight violations of that symmetry?


How does one go about creating a TiKz library (is it even possible)? Is this a formidable task for a beginner? As a chemical engineer, I would very much like to have a library to create a process flow diagram, like the one below, in which you place nodes with certain shapes and connect them based on specific ports. Update: I actually found out that there are a couple of libraries for this purpose: chemplants PIDcircutTikZ


We observe in static electricity experiments that a comb rubbed on dry hair lifts tiny pieces of paper.This is due to the attraction force exerted by the charge collecting on the surface of the comb on the opposite charges collecting on the hair.This is a very small amount of force.But our body is always exerting gravitational force on all objects around it.Still it cannot draw such tiny pieces of papers.Why?


Non-unital completely positive (CP) maps take a maximally mixed quantum state (aka a normalized identity matrix aka an infinite temperature state) and map it to something else. This necessarily decreases its von Neumann entropy and, depending on how you define it, reduces its temperature. Can a stronger connection be made between thermodynamics and CP maps? To what extent do non-unital CP maps reliably cool states that aren't infinite temperature?


Layperson here. In a theoretical big crunch with space contracting faster than the speed of light, would information be travelling faster than speed of light? Because the points A and B themselves would be moving towards each other FTL. Maybe this is obvious or I have made a wrong assumption. Either way, please answer. Also, forgive if this has already been asked. I did search and couldn't find such a question.


Precision is usually understood as the number of significant figures in some experiment. Accuracy is the difference between the best measurement and the real value. How are precision and accuracy determined from a given experiment? Or equivalently, how are systematical errors and statistical errors calculated. Statistical errors are usually treated approaching "the normal distribution". But I am not sure how systematics are determined...Perhaps making some "pattern" measurements?


The Centroid point (at intersection of medians) divides a planar triangle into three equal-area smaller triangles. In case of spherical triangle, the three geodesics joining the vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side of spherical triangle intersect at a (Centroid-like) common point. But, when geodesic is constructed to join this Centroid-like point to the three vertices, the resultant smaller spherical triangles do not have equal area! A different geometrical method or a formula for implementing the exact division of spherical triangle into three equal-area spherical triangles could not be found in literature.


My question is very simple. I just would like to know what do they mean by: "I believe you're up" I've heard this expression in a movie and here is the script: I already met your dad. He loves me. Love is very strong word. Well, he at least likes me, right? We're busy tomorrow night. Okay, and we're back. Amy, I believe you're up. Oh, oh. Okay, I got this.


Our company uses project management software called Jira. In Jira you can mark one issue so that it 'escalades' another, or 'is escaladed' by another. I think that is something like 'cause', but you can set 'cause' or 'is caused', so they are different. And I find the meme 'that escalated quickly', and looks like it has a similar meaning to escalade. Can anyone tell me what escalade means in 'one issue escalades another'? Can I use escalate instead?


Some concepts are just too difficult to be fully understood. Take for example the multivariate causes of the recent recession: who among us can honestly say that he or she grasps the situation completely? With respect to topics like this, although it is not possible to thoroughly grasp the concept, attempts can be made to elucidate--at least partially--the more mysterious parts. Accordingly, is there a phrase that means, "To make less mysterious, but not explain completely because the concept is too difficult"?


The hotter something is glowing the more white/blue it appears. A dying medium sized star expands, cools and becomes a red giant for a while, but eventually it is going to gravitationally collapse (once enough Iron (Fe) is accumulated in the core). Then it blows the outer layers away and what is left collapses into a white dwarf. What makes the dwarf shine? and why is it white? Does the luminosity decreases as the object cools down, or is there some other reaction that keeps it glowing for a long time? Can a white dwarf turn brown or black never to be seen again? Do all white dwarfs turn into Neutron stars eventually?


I recently heard about the possibility of the creation of a "baby" universe or "pocket" universe from our space time,the theory says that concentrating enough mass into a tiny volume of space (like in black holes) a pocket of false vacuum would form e perhaps it'll continue to expand following it's own inflation period and go on forever completly disconnected from our space time without influencing it any way. Now my question is : supposing that we live in a metastable vacuum we know that true vacuum bubble could form via quantum tunnelling and begin to expand into our space time where these false vacuum bubble (or pocket/baby universe) are supposed to go and expand ?


Possible Duplicates: Salutation in an Email How do you greet multiple recipients in an e-mail? How do I use the initial words while writing an e-mail, in particular, to my superiors? Suppose somebody is writing a letter to the HR representative of a company, requesting a letter, approval, information, etc. Should the salutation be written like: Hi or: Dear or her/his name: Dear Jenny Are any of these proper way? Or, should I leave it blank and start with the crux of the matter right away? Does it matter whether I know the person or not, or if the person is not my superior but is a colleague or junior?


According to the work of J. Scott Carter you can draw pictures of knotted surfaces in four-space in several different ways. I know the man is a real artist in this, but did anybody come across some software that does this for you ? See for example: http://www.jscottcarter.com/) I guess you can figure out a parametric equation for a knotted sphere, and pay a trip to Mathematica-land, but I haven't done this. This is probably a more specialized version of Topology software)


I'm looking for a positive word or phrase - though ideally, a single word - that suggests that old dubious beliefs are being re-examined and questioned. "Self-doubt", has a negative connotation and I would like this to indicate a sort of personal growth. For example, it could describe someone who used to be paranoid and believe that everyone was conspiring against them learning to become more trusting.


In this problem are only truth tellers and liars. When meeting two people, A and B, you ask A: "Is any of you a truth teller?", to which A replies: "If B is a liars, then i'm a liar" What are A and B? What I got so far is: If A is telling the truth, then the statement must be true when B is telling the truth, and false when B is lying. If A is lying, then the statement must be true when B is telling the truth, and false when he is lying. I can't seem to find a way to logically formulate this, and I'm thinking this might be because I'm missing something. Have I got it right?


A colleague once disparaged his own research to me by saying that it didn't involve any sort of cohomology. It does, in fact, seem like homological ideas appear across disciplines...and are considered to be mathematically "sexy". I wonder what the deep reason for this is? (The answer "because these ideas prove many things" seems cheap, or ad-hoc here.) Where can I find a "bird's eye" modern view of general homology/cohomology?


I'm writing a thesis and would like to have the pages on which a new chapter start look fancier than they currently do. I like the example on this page: how can I create a chapter heading like this? However, since the abstract is defined in the preamble, it appears the same in each chapter. Obviously, different chapters need different abstracts and I don't know how to correct this? Secondly, for some reason, the contents of this preamble are changing the font style of the rest of my document and I'd like the bulk of what I'm writing (outside of chapter title and abstract) to stay in the standard font that LaTeX uses. Thanks for any help.


I asked a similar question on SciComp, but it is a little out of the domain, so I thought I'd give it a try here as well. Give n points, I would like to place them in a periodic box (periodic such that the distance between two points "wraps around" to the other side) so that the minimum distance between any two points is as large as it can possibly be. How do I do this? I imagine analytically this could be quite difficult, but is there at least a numerical procedure?


The sentence is: "Since they were first invented, we have advanced, and designed stylish glasses for people whose vision need to be corrected." I've been told that the verb needs to be "need" and also that it needs to be "needs". Need: The argument is that the need refers to "people's need" and therefore by implication refers to a plural group, i.e. people need ... Here the antecedent is considered "people" ... Needs: The argument is that the need refers to "vision", i.e. singular ... Here the antecedent is considered "vision" ... Which one is grammatically correct?


I'm trying to dive under this incredible world of non-WYSIWYG. So, for my first main challenge I need to write my master's thesis with LaTeX. And I found some difficulties at the very beginning of my work: the cover page. I need to customize the cover page like this model (it's the mandatory model for our thesis in my university): I need the university logo to be within the dotted retangle. I tried to fit it there without success.


In class my prof said that when showing a system is at equilibrium it suffices to show that the moment at one point is zero. Why? Why does showing the moment at a point is zero imply the moment of the whole system is zero? If I misunderstood him and the statement above isn't true, how do you show the system is at moment equilibrium at all points of the system? You obviously can't show the moment is at equilibrium for infinite points individually.


To me, that means: I can start dreaming after buying a lotto ticket. This is weird because without the lotto ticket, I can have my day-dream anyway. Shouldn't this be something like "your chance to realize your dream has arrived"? This slogan kind of gives me the opposite feeling about buying a lotto ticket, as if it is always nothing more than a day-dream to win the lottery.


A human ear responds to a wide range of frequencies. My teacher already has said me, when you are speaking about a part of your body that it belongs to it- it is not artificial et cetera- you must say the following: the eye the ear . . et cetera. But, I just have seen the above sentence. Would anybody kindly elaborate it? Many thanks


A variation of "smother", obviously, to describe someone with an inclination to smother other people. "You're just too needy and smothersome." Thoughts? Corrections? Suggestions? Edit: Apologies and clarification. I did find a Google search result that states that this word is an adjective which describes something that is easily smothered. But to me, this word sounds akin to "bothersome": causing bother, troublesome. To me, "smothersome" wouldn't describe something that is easily smothered, instead it would describe something that does the smothering...


I am getting familiar with some basics ins probability theory and I have a question concerning moment-generating functions and characteristic functions. The following is cited from Wikipedia: A key problem with moment-generating functions is that moments and the moment-generating function may not exist, as the integrals need not converge absolutely. By contrast, the characteristic function always exists (because it is the integral of a bounded function on a space of finite measure), and thus may be used instead Is there a connection between the following two facts? the characteristic function is (real) analytic moments of all order exist Furthermore I have one question in mind somehow: If a distribution has a characteristic function that is analytic, is the distribution then moment-determinate?


I came across a shop selling the fruit jam that my sister had been looking for. But the fruit jam came in apple and peach flavours, I was not very sure which one my sister liked better, so I decided to buy both. Now, given that situation, I want to explain why I bought both apple-flavoured and peach-flavoured jams to my sister: I bought two fruit jams in different flavours because the jams would be sold out. I could not [take any chances / take any chance] . Thank you Kitty


I want a word for a person who accepts advice of others. Basically, I am reading a play and in that there is a ruler who accepts the wise advice of others. What word can be used to describe such a person? Example : That man is indeed __________ since he imbibes the noble qualities of the wise by the accepting their advices. Please provide a reference sentence with your answer.


Is there any particular problem or scenario where quantum logic may be applied? If so, what is the benefit of using quantum logic instead of classical logic? I've been reading quite a lot on this topic but it still seems like pure theoretic considerations to me. If there is so much effort put into forming new type of logic based on quantum mechanics, are there any practical uses of this type of logic?


Earlier I asked this question. So, similarly, imagine the same type of list with elements having a guest and probability of attending, but now each guest also has an age. How can we calculate the expected average age of the guests of the wedding? I can heuristically group the guests into age ranges and then compute the expected number of people in each age range, but this doesn't tell me the expected mean.


Hi I am very new to this aspect of physics and I am having trouble with the derivation of the Rayleigh-Jeans from the steps shown at the hyperphysics web site. I have emailed Dr. Rod Nave who is listed as the person-in-charge at the site but it appears there is no one at that email perhaps. It would really be much appreciated if anyone can have a look at the uploaded image file here and follow the queries I make on them.


Following the measurement of gravitational waves, many sources described them and explained they carry energy away. What I don't get is how this energy will get transfered back to anything else. If the fabric of space-time itself is vibrating, it would seem to be in impossible for any physical object to gain this energy. What am I missing? How would one hypothetically get energy out of gravitational waves? If impossible, does the universe end up with nothing but GW?


It is to my understanding that it is grammatically correct to say: If I be [something], then [something]. because 'were' is the subjunctive of 'to be'. However, is it correct to use the subjunctive of other words in a similar way? For example: If he jump, the trampoline will shake. or I request that he file these papers. If it is correct, is it incorrect to use the simple present tense in those contexts?


http://freespace.virgin.net/hugo.elias/models/m_perlin.htm This method involves getting a random dataset, sampling it at various resolutions, and adding together the result. I've heard it claimed that this is actually "Fractal Noise" or something diffe http://www.itn.liu.se/~stegu/simplexnoise/simplexnoise.pdf This PDF claims that there is mass-misinformation about what Perlin Noise is, and explains a completely different method (I'm not talking about the discussion of Simplex noise at the bottom, but about his summary of Classic Perlin noise). Who is correct?


I use pst-eucl package and I am not so happy with the names defined for its keys (because the names are difficult to remember). I want to rename some of the keys for my own purpose by creating a new package wrapping the package. For example, I want to rename: PtNameMath to PointLabelMath. PointNameSep to PointLabelSep. PosAngle to PointLabelAngle. PointName to PointLabel. Could you show me the new package wrapping pst-eucl with renamed keys above.


What is the proper adjective that best describe the way a person keeps looking at any other person or object so that as if his eye is about to get out. As an example, when a man keeps looking at a beautiful lady for a long time without even twitching. Sometimes it might be considered an envious look or sometimes it might be due to profound admiration


Like other words that start with "arch-", archenemy is partly derived from arkhi or arkhos from the Greek (Wikipedia), meaning chief. But why is it said differently, using a "ch" sound, from archipelago and archaeology, which use a "k" sound? The "ch" in archenemy is pronounced similar to that in archbishop and archdiocese, even though they're followed by consonants in the latter, but a vowel the former. What made it break from the rules?


How do we check the geometry of the phase space ? I mean in classical mechanics we use position and conjugate momenta as a space of all possible states of the particle. How do we know that this phase space is flat? In other words, is phase space of classical pendulum flat or curved like a cylinder? Any reference concerning theory of dynamical systems for physicists and chaos would be useful.


I read online a statement to the effect that (I'm paraphrasing): Goedel's incompleteness theorem shows that we cannot even have a complete and consistent theory for the natural numbers. I am under the (qualitative) impression that this statement is true within the axioms of natural numbers themselves, so that if one expanded the of axioms one could prove all of the true statements that can be expressed solely in terms of natural numbers. Note that this larger system itself is not complete and consistent. Does Godel's incompleteness theorem have the feature that it shows that these larger systems are somehow representable with the axioms of the natural numbers?


Mom was saying that dad wanted me to mow the lawn and asked what time I would be coming home. In the sentence above, who is asking what time I would be coming home, mom or dad? If it's mom, why isn't it dad? And if it is the dad, why isn't it mom? Basically which subject is the and for? Mom or Dad? What are the rules?


Why do we have a situation where the past of "to blow" is "blew", but of "to glow" is "glowed"? And don't say "flew" if you mean "it flowed". The poem Lovers, by Phoebe Cary has many examples of these. How did these differences originate? Did "blow" and "glow" come from etymologically distinct backgrounds that have just come to be spelled and pronounced the same way? Is there a general rule for words like these?


I found myself writing this: .. and this is before we consider mathematics proper. It seemed like a natural kind of thing to write, but I couldn't find an example of it. I get the impression it's OK to use it in this way; to mean the major mathematical schools in this case (rather than people who just do mathematics). Is there any objection to this?


I am designing a wedding card, I need to know how to start it, these are some samples: Mrs. & Mr. Xyz invite you.... Mr. & Mrs. Xyz invite you.... Mrs. Abc & Mr. Xyz invite you.... Mr. Xyz & Mrs. Abc invite you.... Which is the best one to suit a wedding invitation? or suggest me some other lines which looks correct and polite in reading too. Note: Couple inviting here are mom and dad of the bride.


I want to draw two cylinders connected with a common belt around them. Therefore, I need two cycles and two tangents to these two cylinders. I know there is a general solution for my problem How can I draw a tangent ending smoothly in a circle?, but there are two specifics I cannot resolve: I want the belt to have another thickness (i.e. both tangents and outer lines of two cycles) I want to draw a vector of specific length along the belt between two cycles Is there any way to achieve these two goals?


The motivation for my question is understanding how electricity gets through your skin as opposed to running along it, and how the presence of things like water on the skin affect the relative deadliness of electricity, or ability of it to permeate the skin. I don't understand how to view the body as a resistor, as the skin, and all the components of the body have different resistances and thicknesses. How do I know what parts of the body carry significant current? And how much current in total?


My question: In this version of the experiment, doesn't the single photon source's direction define which slit the particle passes through. Also, with reference to the apparatus described here, where there is an additional single slit, does it mean to say that diffraction happens even for single photon's at the (first) single slit. I understood what the experiment says after the particles pass through the slit, but I'm not able to understand how the single particle/photon source set up works. Hope someone can help me understand how that works.


Is there intuition for "mathematical" entropy. I know that physical entropy tracks the order in a dynamical system, for thermodynamics. As entropy goes up, general randomness and disorder goes up. However, what is entropy in the mathematical sense? There seem to be many kinds of entropy, but what is there a general defining characteristic or use that is common among them all? I'd appreciate some intuition for this interesting subject. (Edit: Alex R. provided a great link for the above) Pertaining to my interests, what is Entropy over a Fractal? Is this Entropy taken by treating the Fractal as a probability distribution? What purpose does taking the Entropy of a Fractal serve?


The shape is somewhere between a v and a u. I'm almost certain it's a letter character as they have both lower and uppercase (used for specific and total volume respectively). Since the v and V characters are also used for things like voltage and velocity, it's important for me to be able to distinguish these. The top six symbols below are what I want, the first four being lowercase and the next two being uppercase.


So, we were ask to consider the Fresnel Equations for parallel and perpendicular waves (with index of refractions). Then, we are ask to prove some equations in which "... for nonmagnetic non-conductors" The Fresnel equations got reduced and the indexes of refraction disappeared. I do not really know where to start, but in our reference book we have: normal incidence and oblique incidence topics. Any help?


Some nouns used in medicine ironically contain the letter that is difficult for the sufferer to say, or difficult to deal with: Lisp ('s') Rhotacism ('r') Blaesitas ('b') Dyslexia (difficult to spell) Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia (fear of long words is a long word) Aibohphobia (fear of palindromes) Lamdacism ('l') Stammer/stutter (hard consonants easier to stumble over) The closest I found was 'jocular terms', but this seems a bit too cruel. How did they come by these names? Is there a collective term that isn't so cruel? I've looked at this ESE question and this reddit post hoping for an answer to this, but it didn't cover the collective term and more pointed out the cruel irony of it.


So, if your promotor is kind, you would thank him as: "I thank Prof Smith for his kindness." Now, what if your promotor is demanding, as in tough and exigent when it comes to work? How do you express this quality? It seems to me the following is not correct English: I thank Prof Smith for his "demandingness". Which is the right word to replace "demandingness" above? If it could help the forum choose, I need here to convey also the impression of "at times excessive but on the whole beneficial".


Excuse my terrible English knowledge, but I have been wondering this for some time already: What is correct for the next phrase?: And he was there. alone. sad. and crying... or And he was there. Alone. Sad. And crying... or And he was there, alone, sad and crying... On the first and second cases, I use periods for separating the state of the subject. For some reason, I like it to give better suspense. Given the way I am using the periods, should I use Capital letters after them, or not? These periods are pretty much like commas... ... But maybe I am terribly wrong and should never use periods for such purpose? Should I always follow the third case? Just using commas?


I am having trouble using the term "secular" to convey a sense of bringing a religiously neutral ground to government, society, and culture. What term is better than "secular", that is less localized than the US-connotative sense, but conveys the same general meaning to multiple countries? Secularism is often denoted the same, but from country to country it is practiced on a sliding scale in terms of how truly neutral laws are. Some of us on the Atheism.se are trying to broaden the scope of the site and are interested in methods for doing this. The usage of "secular" (that I am looking for) should convey taking secularism and using it as a tool for atheist questions to hone in on issues regarding equal rights, activism, promotion.


As a very bad speller I love to find justification for my lack of ability. I'm wondering about the reasoning/history that 'Flower' and 'Florist' have such different spelling. I'm guessing it has something to do with 'flow' where a flower is a thing which flows and it would be too much to have a person working with such things be a flowerer. Any better explanations?


Why are both the terms 'structure' and 'model' used in mathematical logic / model theory? Are they just holdovers from different subjects or is there a principled reason for having both? For clarification, I'm not confused about any actual definitions or usages, just why both terms came to be used; I could, after all, survive perfectly well using exclusively one or the other with little chance of confusion.


I woke up recently to find the following structures on my lawn; they resemble bubbles, but are formed from ice (we had a moderate frost overnight). There were eight of these 'bubbles' on my lawn and one smashed one on the adjacent path. They were only present in my garden, and nowhere else. What processes could have allowed these 'bubbles' to form in this shape? 'Bubbles' on grass: Damaged 'bubble' This was found on the paving slab and was not touched:


To my knowledge, the contents of a float environment are put into a box when the float is defined. Is it possible to proccess a user defined command/macro when the float is actually typeset, e.g. to put a watermark on that specific page (which isn't necessarily the page the float is defined on)? Is it necessary to add something to the definition of the float enviroment or can I use some command within its body?


When we have a set of data, where X is the cause, and Y is the effect, we can use linear regression to predict values for Y, based on values of X. I have learned that you may only safely apply this for values of X that fall into the domain of X for the input data. Can we also use linear regression to do reliable predictions about values of Y for values X that lie outside of this domain, and if so, what can we say about the reliability of these predictions? I would love some answers and possibly some interesting sources on this subject.


The reply to a question about nucleosynthesis, that heavier than iron elements are produced in supernovae explosions, raised for me the following question which I could not answer by googling. Partially because the search for planets and stars brings out astrology answers! Explosions are dispersive, nevertheless we find minerals in clumps, not only uniformly dispersed in the ground. Is there a coherent presentation that explains how minerals end up in veins and bands?


How is it possible for a grad student to do research in any modern area of string theory like AdS/CFT or ABJM if they need to start grad school by having to learn QFT from scratch? Is there a time-line over which this is even possible? Or one necessarily needs to come to grad school knowing at least Polchinki level string theory to be able to understand AdS/CFT or ABJM? I mean even if one has worked through enough of Polchinki's book one is likely to stare blank at the ABJM paper. Then is it even possible for someone to get to research level with something like this if they start from basic QFT in grad school? I would like to know what if is a practical implementation.


The question Why is a black hole black? states that stuff can't escape the event horizon and must ceaselessly pull inwards towards the singularity. At the singularity the forces become infinite. However, I heard that Hawking radiation (but not information) can escape the event horizon. Can something similar to Hawking radiation escape the inside of the event horizon and the singularity? Would a person inside the event horizon see Hawking radiation emitted from the singularity? It is hard for me to understand this because I think as soon as one photon is emitted one quantum step out away it starts to fall back to the singularity at the center of the black hole again.


I know that It is time (understood: for the speaker or for a group of people including the speaker) to do something. and It is time I or we did something. do not mean the same thing: the first is a simple statement of fact, whereas the second means there is some kind of emergency. How about these same structures when the action is to be performed by a second or third person? Does the nuance stated above cease to exist between It is time for you/him/her/them to do something. and It is time you/he/she/they did something. ?


I've seen a video by Walter Lewin in which the magnetic pull between two wires is unaffected when an aluminum plate is situated between them. Can you explain what materials let magnetism pass through and how this can happen? does that give clues on the nature of magnetism? I originally thought Lewins says that conductiveness is the key factor, but I discovered that superconductors don't let it pass


What is the best word/expression to describe a phenomenon or tool that, despite its disadvantages, is used by people? In fact, there are some alternatives for them, however, there is a weird inclination toward them. As an example, smoking is a good one that most of people know its harms and probably its alternatives, however do not give it up. Update: As another more specific example, take Microsoft Office. There are several (probably more powerful) alternatives for that, however, remarkable numbers of users are still using MS Office. Is it only a habit?


I know that as you heat something it expands, but this is proportional to the change in temperature, so if I compare the density of a liquid right before freezing and right after then the thermal expansion would have a small effect. However, when a material changes state the density can change rapidly. I know water gets less dense as it freezes, and I remember this is not typically the case, but do any substances have approximately the same density in both liquid and solid states?


I have been thinking about these adverbials for a long time to understand this connection of "early/later" with "on". These adverbials are used for introducing a sentence or they are placed at the end. My first explanation was "on" is a kind of intensifier, almost meaningless. Now I tend to see this "on" as a clear marker to indicate that "early/later(adj/adv)" are used as adverbs. But all the same I don't find a formula from which I can derive these adverbials by using the two words. ... early ... on ... / ... later ... on ... - What words could one use to get a formula that means "early/later on"?


A Doppler redshift would also give the illusion that galaxies were rotating more slowly then they are with the degree of illusory slowing in proportion to the degree of redshift. Do more distant galaxies appear to be rotating more slowly than closer in galaxies on average, and would this not constitute additional evidence for expansion, or if not would it not constitute evidence against expansion?


In the usual circle topology (open arcs), it seems that the intersection of a finite number of connected sets is either empty, a connected set, or the disjoint union of two connected sets. Can we construct topological spaces in which the intersection can be the disjoint union of more than two connected sets? If so, how are these topological spaces called due to this property?


In any double slit experiment, which particles are passed through slits, and what do the detectors look like - both the one at the end of the apparatus and the one at the site of the slit? Oftentimes, photons or electrons are used as examples. However, as far as I know, in real experiments much larger particles like silver atoms are actually used. My expectation is that any apparent weirdness will naturally follow from the setup of the experiment.


Physicists studying the foundations of physics and some mathematicians sometimes look at theories which are similar to general-relativity, but do not coincide with it. Often these theories contradict with what we know about our world. What should one do in order to check one of such theories? Which papers/books should one read in order to be able to understand mathematical theories similar to general relativity, and understand when such theory is compatible with what we know about our world?


When a Hadron and its antimatter equivalent annihilate, what happens to the QCD "soup" (for lack of an appropriate term) from each? Eg, the valence quarks in a proton - antiproton event, to they pair off and annihilate "in the moment"? What about the quark soup at progressively higher energies? How do we account for this? (for that matter, if it's relevant, why only two gamma rays, and not more?)


I have a question regarding matrices and eigen values. If SVD decomposition was performed on matrix, and the inner matrix of singular values has only one non zero value. Should the left and right singlular matrices be only a matrix of one vector? The reason I ask is that I have performed SVD on matrix in matlab using function svd, and it turns out that there is one eigen value but the right and left matrices are not one vector Thanks


I would like to find a sinusoidal wave whose period or frequency change to half (or double) with every step, someting like this But I cant find the precise coefficients for the period to decrease (or increase) twice. Can someone help me? I want to use it to map the different pitch (or notes) of voice, to certain values. In our speech, and singing, the range of the first octave is half of the next octave, so I need a function whose period is twice as big each time to cover all the octaves. it need not be a sinusoidal it can be any periodical function.


I was trying to understand why curl measures a vector field's tendency of rotation. Two examples from physics seem to answer my question: Curl of the velocity field is twice the angular velocity Curl of the force field is the torque. But I can only prove the first one when the velocity field describes a uniform circular motion. How can I show that the two examples are true in general to show that curl is really the measure of rotation.


Consider a body which can freely rotate with respect to the inertial frame, and a rotating disk whose axis is fixed in body frame. When applying the lagrangian method (does that make a difference?), is the kinetic energy of the disk with respect to the body frame (for constant disk rotation rate, the kinetic energy is constant) or with respect to inertial frame (for constant disk rotation rate, the kinetic energy depends on the rate of the parent body)? Parent discussion: Defy gravity torques with gyroscopes?


Lets take a very big rotating star ,after the finish of the nuclear fuel the star is going to contract under its own gravity.Now to conserve its angular momentum the star is going to rotate faster. But how will you explain it in terms of force without involving the concept of torque and angular momentum (Intuitively)?what forces helped to rotate the star faster? If you do not like to think about a star,think about twirling ice skater who pulls her arms? Edit:Let me add here,this is actually a question from the famous book ,The flying circus of physics,and the author is saying the ans is coriolis force. But I did not get it


A lot of my calc II students are asking me what are the real world applications of what we are studying in Calc II (right now we are studying methods of integrations, so of course one of the applications is in finding areas and volumes, are there any other cool applications? I mean something that can be explained in a simple way to a calc II student). Later we will study series and sequences. I'm just looking for ways to pick up the interest of my students, do you have any ideas?


Background to the sentence: a system activates itself after temperature has been deviated for [X] seconds. Now I want to describe what X does and I just cannot figure it out. My best attempts are: The value X specifies the time period for which the temperature has to be deviated. The value X specifies the time period during which the temperature has to be deviated.


In winter, our glass window serves as a separator of coldness outside and warmth inside our room. We know that the window feels cold when we touch it. Since the air temperature is different in different sides of the window, why does the window choose to be cold ? What's the temperature of the window ? Is it closer to the temperature outside or inside ? Why ?


Let us say that we have shape AXQY: And line AX is congruent to AQ. Line QY is congruent to XY. I do not believe that we have enough information to say whether this is a parallelogram or not, because we do not know if side AX is congruent to QY and AQ is congruent to XY. So, if this is a square, it is a parallelogram. Correct?


What would be the most important implications of finding an even number that cannot be expressed as the sum of two primes? Would the existence on one such number in anyway predict the likeliness of any more such numbers? Moreover, will there be any other theorems that can be proved/disproved because of this? P.s. The answer to the latter is most likely yes, I just asked that additionally for future reference (for myself and others)


I am a Tango for D adopter and appreciate it very much but I am very concerned with a threatening trend. I noticed that many prominent early members leave it. I perceive that as a strong vulnerability signal to the community because it's not outweighed by new entries. I am looking for an appropriate idiomatic way to convey the fact that they abandon/leave/quit with emphasis on the threat that it involves (Something akin to the French: "Ils quittent/abandonnent le navire").


What phrase, expression, or even well-known literary character signifies a 'bad/poor/incompetent/incapable teacher', that is, someone who is not good at teaching. I would like to describe a teacher in the same way that quack describes a doctor. Unfortunately 'incompetent' and 'incapable' are not very funny or witty, or insightful, or enlightening (nor are those words nouns), and I'd like my word to be rather less prosaic if possible. For example: Mark Carlson is a ______ , he cannot teach a thing.


If I were to personify death is their a better statement then "delay death". I have considered saying "negotiate with death" but that does not sound formal enough for the tone of my essay. I am trying to express that science continues to negotiate with death in order to delay it. Preferably with a negative connotation. I have considered "parley" however I dont know if that is the proper use for it nor if I should use it as "parley death" or "parley with death"


I have a problem to understand isolated systems..If I have a ball and throw it upwards..then the momentum is not constant because the system is not isolated...and the reason is the external force from the earth (weight)...But if I see earth-ball as a system then I have an isolated system and as the ball moves upward the earth moves downwards..(Thing that we can't understand) because of inertia......THE PROBLEM IS THIS....Ican explain the movement of a boat from the air because of the external force from the air.....but what if I think boat-air as one system that is isolated....then the force from the air is internal...what is happening here with the conservation of momentum???


This question came up today in the office. We sell single direction bus trips through our site (wanderu.com) but have not agreed on which English word(s) should be used in text. Is it one-way or one way? Does one or the other communicate that "way" is a noun (e.g. direction) as opposed to a verb (e.g. method to an end)? We consulted the Wikipedia disambiguation page, One-way, which links to pages like One-way traffic. This English for these pages would suggest "one-way" is the appropriate word. The images on the traffic page, however, has two words. Thanks in advance!


I am a chinese student and one of my friend, a chinese, wrote sentences like this: Just a little above me, he was fighting with all his might. On the summit of the mountain, he cried with joy. He was pretty certain that these sentences were correct but I am not so sure. I've heard sentences like His eyes bright, he talked vigorously or Her coat barely on her shoulder, she dashed out of her house, but I have never seen sentences like the ones my friend wrote, the ones with no subject in the front. Can anyone tell me the name of the sentences my friend wrote? And if possible, can you also tell me if the name of the sentences I wrote is verbless clause? Thanks.


You can obviously hear wind. From everyday experience, the stronger the wind, the louder its sound. But this sound is always similar, and quite distinctive, noise-like. Can one compute the spectrum of the noise generated by the wind? There is an inkling of an answer provided here: "Any way, once the wind starts doing non-linear things, it can generate periodic stresses, and from that you get the whistling or humming noise we all know and love." Could anyone expand on this, or provide references with more quantitative detail?


I've always been taught that a vowel before a double consonant following another vowel should have a short sound. Conversely, there are many situations where a vowel preceding a single consonant and vowel gets a long sound. Short Sounds: Mississippi - All I's except the last get short sound Communication - First O gets short sound Oppose - First O gets short sound where second O gets long Long Sound: Ape - A gets long sound Popery - O gets long sound Oppose - First O gets short sound where second O gets long Yet, I hear people use a short O in "operator" when using the word. Is this the correct pronunciation?


Even further, I would be happy to see a definition of the tikz language in the usual manner programming languages such as Java and Pascal are defined. The reason I ask is that I keep getting mysterious error messages for the tiniest typos. Essentially, incorrect use of the underlying languages leads to a "crash" of the compiler. This crash sometimes gives useful error messages, but sometimes they are hard to decipher.


All the words or phrases I know for people who stay up at night merely describe the habit of not sleeping (e.g.: a night owl or insomniac) I am looking for a word or phrase with an emphasis on working hard at night. These people work are different from insomniacs because they have no problem sleeping but they refuse sleep to work. They are different from night owl because they wake up early in the morning. To give more context, suppose a nurse with kids who has a normal day life like most people and takes care of the kids but also works most nights in a hospital.


This might be a very simple question, so sorry. I have encountered the expression "radiative particle decay" quite a few times now, and none of the sources ever explain what they mean by radiative: I imagine it is trivial, but I would like to know exactly what it is implied by that. Does it just mean that it is a decay during which other particles are produced? I.e. other particles are radiated?


I was sitting close to a speaker and I could feel the sound coming from it all over my body, especially in my heart, and it pounded with the loud beats of the music. Was my heart pounding because of the excitement at listening to the music or was I really feeling the sound in my heart and all over my body? I have some understanding that it is all about sound waves & acoustics (bass/low & high pitch/low and high notes etc.) but it is not clear to me. I hope I have correctly framed my question.


I know that stop can be a synonym for wait,btw. I know telling someone to wait means for someone to pause until a certain time. But telling someone to stop just means the person has to pause without a defined amount of time to resume (I hope this makes me sound smart haha). Here are some examples: "Wait! I want to tell you more." Would it be the same saying- "Stop! I want to tell you more. " I want to note, that I am a native speaker. I'm just a curious person and a thinker. :-)


Possible Duplicate: The effect of the anonymous letter I have a bit of a programming question, and I think it's in line with what LaTeX (XeLaTeX in my case) is suited to do. I would like to randomly use a font (from a list of fonts) for each glyph being typeset. I wanted to do this for a project in the style of a "ransom letter" - imagine individual characters being clipped from a different source. I wanted to use a set of fonts that were modelled after typewriters, all opentype fonts. How would I approach this? Ideally I would type the text normally, and have TeX do the heavy-lifting of randomly picking a character-set for each glyph.


Is there any word in English, which describes combination of username and password? Let's say, I want to say Enter your "this_word", meaning Enter your username and password. EDIT: I'll exlpain, why I need this (because I see that it's being asked), though I see some answers, which fit my requirements. I'm a software developer (freelancer) and I'm creating a Desktop application, where login/password pair is present. But after releasing the first version of application I got the feedback, that It isn't clear for 'stupid' (no offense, just expression) users what they have to enter. So before it was like: |username (placeholder)| |password (placeholder)| and after the feedback I want to change it to something like Enter your Google 'word' |username (placeholder)| |password (placeholder)| so, that's it.


This question arises from the commentspace in this question on stats.SE. My comment was: Last I checked Terry Tao was the pre-eminent mathematician of this generation? To which another commenter replied: Which generation is that? Note that I said "this generation" as opposed to our generation. My question is: does "this generation" associated with a date (timestamp) uniquely identify a generation, particularly in the academic context? How else can I identify a generation -- through reference to a specific person?


In Preskill's notes, John Preskill goes as If we scatter a photon off of a periodic array of needles , the photon is likely to be scattered in one of a set of preferred directions , where the Bragg scattering condition is satisfied. and further These preferred directions depend on the spacing between the needles , so by scattering just one photon , we can already collect some useful information about the spacing. How can the analogy with Bragg's diffraction help me understand Simon's problem ?


I'm using Lyx and I have problem with equations. I would like to add label to equation, but somehow I can't add label if formula is in table or float. Ok, I can take them outside and then I can label them. But(!), then I can't move the equations to left. Tried everything. The best would be, if I can keep equations in table, so I can adjust them easily. The result should be same as the last three equations with label. /poor English


When I put my little, cylindrical coffee straw into my coffee, the liquid immediately rises about half a centimeter up the straw without provocation. This is also the amount of coffee that the surface tension of the coffee will allow to stay in the straw when removed from the liquid in the cup. Keep in mind that all the while, the top end of the straw is open. Why does the level of the liquid in the straw insist on being higher than the level of all the liquid in the cup?


I have seen the answers to How can I center text/math inside a list environment. The accepted solution there, however, does not allow me to reference displayed equations. Another solution given there is a "crude" solution, requiring me to insert a command in each displayed equation. Is there a way to modify the accepted solution to the above question so that displayed equations can be labelled and then referenced? (My MWE is similar to that presented in answer to linked Q)


For mechanical and structural systems, one can often use the energy as the Lyapunov function. In electrical power systems, some methods have been used to determine Lyapunov functions and one can define feedback loops based on this. For Hamiltonian systems, the Hamiltonian can be taken as the Lyapunov function. However, how does one define the physical meaning of a 'Lyapunov function' in dissipative systems? Say for example, an ecosystem forest growth over centuries with rain and fire as the other variables?


As you know, the option ocgcolorlinks of the hyperref package disables colors of all links presented in a PDF file by printing it from Adobe Reader (and by compiling with e.g. pdflatex); as a result, they are printed in a default color. My questions are: Is it possible to disable not the color, but entire text (of the link), i.e. that it would be completely disappeared on the printed paper? Is it possible to do the same with an arbitrary text (i.e. not with the text of the link) or with an arbitrary figure?


If I have a curvilinear coordinate system and supposing I impose the condition that back transformations to Cartesian coordinate system are not permitted. I perform a rotation of the three axes( say latitude, longitude and a proprietary vertical coordinate) to a rotated system (with new latitude , longitude and vertical coordinate) can we still use Euler angles to define these three rotations ? These three axes are non orthogonal to each other.


The sentiments expressed in the tweets can be as accurate a measure as is found with precedental researches. If I change this sentence into the following ones, which one would be correct? The sentiments expressed in the tweets can be as accurate a measure as the sentiments that is found with precedental researches. The sentiments expressed in the tweets can be as accurate a measure as a measure that is found with precedental researches.


In his text "On the Application of the Theorem of the Equivalence of Transformations to Interior Work", Clausius wrote If the cyclical process is not reversible, the equivalence values of the positive and negative transformations are not necessarily equal, but they can only differ in such a way that the positive transformations predominate. Maybe my doubt is related to my inattention on reading the text, but which proposition he made use of in order to assert that the "net transformation" is necessarily positive?